During the past few years, growing attention has been paid to black phosphorus (BP) and its unique optical, electrical, and catalytic properties. Furthermore, BP has proven to be biocompatible and biodegradable; qualities that present new opportunities for its utilization in the field of life sciences. However, despite all its suitable properties and applicability, its utilization in biomedicine is still in its infancy. This study reports on the synthesis of black phosphorus nanoparticles (BP NPs) and exploration of thier applicability in targeted drug delivery. BP NPs are loaded with platinum agents—cisplatin and oxaliplatin—and subjected to in vitro evaluation of targeted drug delivery. The BP NPs are not only able to load the investigated platinum derivatives on their surfaces, but also to transfer the therapeutic cargo to target specific tissue and to combine their effect with oxaliplatin, which leads to further potentiation of the anticancer effect.