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@article{1410518,
author = {Stevanovic, Marija and Gasic, Slavica and Pípal, Marek and Bláhová, Lucie and Brkic, Dragica and Neskovic, Nesko and Hilscherová, Klára},
article_location = {AMSTERDAM},
article_number = {July},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.04.007},
keywords = {Clomazone; Formulations; Embryotoxicity; Embryo; Zebrafish},
language = {eng},
issn = {0166-445X},
journal = {Aquatic toxicology},
title = {Toxicity of clomazone and its formulations to zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio)},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X17301066?via%3Dihub},
volume = {188},
year = {2017}
}
TY - JOUR
ID - 1410518
AU - Stevanovic, Marija - Gasic, Slavica - Pípal, Marek - Bláhová, Lucie - Brkic, Dragica - Neskovic, Nesko - Hilscherová, Klára
PY - 2017
TI - Toxicity of clomazone and its formulations to zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio)
JF - Aquatic toxicology
VL - 188
IS - July
SP - 54-63
EP - 54-63
PB - ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
SN - 0166445X
KW - Clomazone
KW - Formulations
KW - Embryotoxicity
KW - Embryo
KW - Zebrafish
UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X17301066?via%3Dihub
L2 - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X17301066?via%3Dihub
N2 - Herbicides are the most widely used group of pesticides but after reaching water bodies they are able to cause adverse effects on non-target organisms. Different formulations using the same active ingredient are frequently available, which raises the issue of potential influence of different formulation types on herbicide toxicity. The present study evaluated the toxicity and teratogenic effects of the active ingredient clomazone and its two formulations (Rampe (R) EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS, both containing 360 g a.i./l of clomazone) on zebrafish embryos. The crucial difference between the two formulation types is the way of active substance release. This investigation is the first report on zebrafish embryotoxicity of both clomazone and its formulations. The technical active ingredient and formulations caused mortality and diverse teratogenic effects, showing different levels of toxicity. The LC50 values for the technical ingredient, Rampa (R) EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS were 61.4, 9.6 and 92.5 mg a.i./l, respectively. Spontaneous movements in 22 hpf embryos decreased under exposure to both the technical ingredient and formulations. A significant number of underdeveloped embryos was detected after exposure to clomazone and Rampe EC, while no underdevelopment was noted in embryos exposed to GAT Cenit 36 CS. Exposure to the technical ingredient and formulations led also to a series of morphological changes and interfered with the growth of zebrafish embryos. The EC50 based on detection of edemas, spine and tail tip deformations and gas bladder absence (120 hpf) was 12.1, 10.1 and 24.1 mg/l for technical clomazone, Rampe EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS, while teratogenicity index (TI) based on LC50/EC50 ratio was 5.1, 1 and 3.8, respectively. The data in this study showed that the emulsifiable concentrate formulation (Rampa. EC) caused statistically significantly higher toxicity, and the aqueous capsule suspension (GAT Cenit 36 CS) lower toxicity than technical clomazone. It indicates that different formulations with the same active ingredient may have different environmental impacts, which is why risk assessment based only on active ingredient toxicity might not be sufficient in terms of preventing formulation effects on the environment.
ER -
STEVANOVIC, Marija, Slavica GASIC, Marek PÍPAL, Lucie BLÁHOVÁ, Dragica BRKIC, Nesko NESKOVIC and Klára HILSCHEROVÁ. Toxicity of clomazone and its formulations to zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). \textit{Aquatic toxicology}. AMSTERDAM: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2017, vol.~188, July, p.~54-63. ISSN~0166-445X. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.04.007.
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