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@article{1503781,
author = {Lang, Martin and Purzycki, Benjamin G and Apicella, Coren L and Atkinson, Quentin D and Bolyanatz, Alexander and Cohen, Emma and Handley, Carla and Kundtová Klocová, Eva and Lesorogol, Carolyn and Mathew, Sarah and McNamara, Rita A and Moya, Cristina and Placek, Caitlyn D and Soler, Montserrat and Vardy, Thomas and Weigel, Jonathan L and Willard, Aiyana K and Xygalatas, Dimitris and Norenzayan, Ara and Henrich, Joseph},
article_number = {1898},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0202},
keywords = {impartiality; parochialism; supernatural punishment; cultural evolution; religion; punishing gods},
language = {eng},
issn = {0962-8452},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences},
title = {Moralizing gods, impartiality and religious parochialism across 15 societies},
url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.0202},
volume = {286},
year = {2019}
}
TY - JOUR
ID - 1503781
AU - Lang, Martin - Purzycki, Benjamin G - Apicella, Coren L - Atkinson, Quentin D - Bolyanatz, Alexander - Cohen, Emma - Handley, Carla - Kundtová Klocová, Eva - Lesorogol, Carolyn - Mathew, Sarah - McNamara, Rita A - Moya, Cristina - Placek, Caitlyn D - Soler, Montserrat - Vardy, Thomas - Weigel, Jonathan L - Willard, Aiyana K - Xygalatas, Dimitris - Norenzayan, Ara - Henrich, Joseph
PY - 2019
TI - Moralizing gods, impartiality and religious parochialism across 15 societies
JF - Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences
VL - 286
IS - 1898
SP - 1-10
EP - 1-10
PB - The Royal Society Publishing
SN - 09628452
KW - impartiality
KW - parochialism
KW - supernatural punishment
KW - cultural evolution
KW - religion
KW - punishing gods
UR - https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.0202
L2 - https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.0202
N2 - The emergence of large-scale cooperation during the Holocene remains a central problem in the evolutionary literature. One hypothesis points to culturally evolved beliefs in punishing, interventionist gods that facilitate the extension of cooperative behaviour toward geographically distant co-religionists. Furthermore, another hypothesis points to such mechanisms being constrained to the religious ingroup, possibly at the expense of religious outgroups. To test these hypotheses, we administered two behavioural experiments and a set of interviews to a sample of 2228 participants from 15 diverse populations. These populations included foragers, pastoralists, horticulturalists, and wage labourers, practicing Buddhism, Christianity, and Hinduism, but also forms of animism and ancestor worship. Using the Random Allocation Game (RAG) and the Dictator Game (DG) in which individuals allocated money between themselves, local and geographically distant co-religionists, and religious outgroups, we found that higher ratings of gods as monitoring and punishing predicted decreased local favouritism (RAGs) and increased resource-sharing with distant co-religionists (DGs). The effects of punishing and monitoring gods on outgroup allocations revealed between-site variability, suggesting that in the absence of intergroup hostility, moralizing gods may be implicated in cooperative behaviour toward outgroups. These results provide support for the hypothesis that beliefs in monitoring and punitive gods help expand the circle of sustainable social interaction, and open questions about the treatment of religious outgroups.
ER -
LANG, Martin, Benjamin G PURZYCKI, Coren L APICELLA, Quentin D ATKINSON, Alexander BOLYANATZ, Emma COHEN, Carla HANDLEY, Eva KUNDTOVÁ KLOCOVÁ, Carolyn LESOROGOL, Sarah MATHEW, Rita A MCNAMARA, Cristina MOYA, Caitlyn D PLACEK, Montserrat SOLER, Thomas VARDY, Jonathan L WEIGEL, Aiyana K WILLARD, Dimitris XYGALATAS, Ara NORENZAYAN and Joseph HENRICH. Moralizing gods, impartiality and religious parochialism across 15 societies. \textit{Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences}. The Royal Society Publishing, 2019, vol.~286, No~1898, p.~1-10. ISSN~0962-8452. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0202.
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