Lukáš Hamřík and Petr Kaniok: Is it all about European Democracy? The Motives behind the Institutionalisation of the Spitzenkandidaten APPENDIX: AN OVERVIEW OF DATA GATHERING PROCESS AND ANALYSED DOCUMENTS INCLUDED IN FINAL DATASET For Commission documents we used two search tools, specifically the Register of Commission Documents and the DORIE database. When using the register, all types and all versions of documents were considered relevant. Next, we conducted an 'all words' rather than 'exact phrase' title field search in the document description for 'European elections'. When searching for documents in the DORIE database, we queried 'Commission' for the 'Author(s)' field, and narrowed the search to include the theme 'Commission', subtheme 'Nomination-appointment-confirmation of the Commission (President and Members)', and further to other subsections 'General' and 'President'. The Public Register of Council documents was used to search for EUCO and Council of the EU documents. We were able to access documents related to the agendas, results and minutes of the meetings of the individual configurations of the Council as well as of the COREPER meetings. In the case of the European Council, we employed EUCO conclusions.1 We also searched for documents by entering keywords and thematic area. We entered 'President of the Commission' and in the second case 'European elections' into the 'Words in Subject' field. In both cases, we searched for documents related to the institutional questions by choosing for 'INST' in the 'Subject Matter' field. In the case of the EP, we used the Public Register of Documents, employing a 'Document type' search. We considered 'Documents relating to parliamentary activity' (Section 1) as a relevant category. Within this section, the 'Plenary documents' and the 'Committee documents' (Subsections 1.2 and 1.4) were relevant. In the case of Plenary documents, we were interested in documents related to the 'Agenda', 'Texts adopted in plenary', and 'Texts tabled in plenary by a Member, group or committee' (Subsections 1.2.2, 1.2.6, and 1.2.7). After identifying a particular plenary session in which the procedure for nominating/appointing the Commission President was discussed, we supplemented our dataset by provisional versions of documents, 'Amendments' and 'Motions for resolutions/decisions'. In the case of Committee documents, we narrowed our focus on the Committee on Constitutional Affairs (AFCO) since the institutional issues primarily fall within its competences, and specifically on 'Minutes', 'Working documents' and 'Reports' (Subsections 1.4.2, 1.4.5, and 1.4.8). Again, when a particular meeting of the AFCO proved to be relevant, we searched for additional documents such as 'Draft reports', 'Draft opinions', and amendments to draft reports and draft opinions. Additionally, we considered 'Press documents' (Subsection 2.2 in the register), specifically press releases, as an important source of information. However, in this case, we decided to use a 'Keyword' search. Thus, we searched for 'Commission president', and 'European elections' when choosing 'Press release' in the 'Document type' field. In addition, we also used DORIE. As author, 'European Parliament, EP' was selected, while the thematic specification remained the same as in the previous case. In searching for documents from the Euro-parties as well as from the EP groups, we used the official websites of these actors. For the purpose of this study, party congress documents, resolutions, declarations and press releases proved to be important. The documents published in course of treaty revisions are also a part of our analysis. These documents include the preliminary and final positions of EU institutions and member states, EUCO conclusions and reflection groups' reports. As in the case of the Commission and the EP, we employed DORIE. The thematic criteria remained unchanged, however this time, we used the 'Arena' field rather than the 'Author(s)' field, specifically 'IGC/Amsterdam; IGC/Nice; IGC/Constitution/2003-2004; IGC/Lisbon'. Additionally, we also used the University of Zaragoza website (Universidad Zaragoza 2003) to provide references to relevant documents, and the official website of the European Convention. 372 Lukáš Hamřík and Petr Kaniok: Is it all about European Democracy? The Motives behind the Institutionalisation of the Spitzenkandidaten All documents were gathered in 2015. Unfortunately, some documents are no longer publicly available (especially those published on parties' webpages). Author/ Document/Website Title Adopted/ Source Published ALDE EP Election 2014 - procedure on nomination of common liberal top candidate(s) 2013 ALDE Nominees for the ALDE Party European Commission President candidate announced 2013 ALDE Agreement between Olli Rehn & Guy Verhofstadt - statement by ALDE Party President 2013 ALDE Guy Verhofstadt and Olli Rehn to lead election campaign for European Liberals 2014 ALDE ALDE votes were crucial for Juncker's election 2014 CEU Informe del Grupo de Reflexion 1995 CEU Progress Report from the Chairman of the Reflection Group on the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference 1995 CEU Debate on the report of Mr Andrew Duff - Practical arrangements for the holding of the European elections in 2014 2013 CEU Council conclusions on the EU Citizenship Report 2013 2013 CEU Memorandum from Benelux 2000 EC Report on the Operation of the Treaty on European Union 1995 EC Committee on Institutional Affairs-Summary record (24 February 1995) 1995 EC CIG 1996 - Position des Etats membres sur les themes a l'ordre du jour de la conference intergouvernementale 1996 EC "For a democratical European Union with Political and Social Content". Greece's Contribution to the 1996 IGC 1996 EC Note for the Attention of Commissioner Oreja 1998 EC Committee on Institutional Affairs - Summary record (21-22 July 1998) 1998 EC Committee on Institutional Affairs - Summary record (28-29 September 1998) 1998 EC Committee on Institutional Affairs - Summary record (24-25 June 1998) 1998 EC Committee on Institutional Affairs - Summary record (21-22 September 1998) 1998 Institutional Affairs Committee - Summary record (30 November/1 December 1998 1998) EC Adapting the institutions to make a success of enlargement 2000 EC Romano Prodi Presenting the Commission Communication to the European Convention 2002 EC Meetings of the President-designate, Mr Barroso, with the political groups European Parliament, Brussels, 13 and 14 July 2004 2004 EC Follow-up to the European Parliament resolution on the impact of the Treaty of Lisbon on the development of the institutional balance of the European Union, adopted by the Commission on 14 July 2009 2009 EC Report on the election of Members of the European Parliament (1976 Act as amended by Decision 2002/722/EC, Euratom) and on the participation of European Union citizens in elections for the European Parliament in the Member States of residence (Directive 93/109/EC) 2010 EC Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the statute and funding of European political parties and European political foundations 2012 EC State of the Union 2012 Address 2012 EC Why we need a United States of Europe now 2012 EC A blueprint for a deep and genuine economic and monetary union. Launching a European Debate - Communication from the Commission 2012 EC A New Deal for Europe 2012 373 Lukáš Hamřík and Petr Kaniok: Is it all about European Democracy? The Motives behind the Institutionalisation of the Spitzenkandidaten Author/ Document/Website Title Adopted/ Source Published EC Letter by President Barroso to the President of the European Parliament, Mr Martin Schulz 2012 EC Preparing for the 2014 European elections: further enhancing their democratic and 2013 efficient conduct - Communication from the Commission EC Commission Recommendation of 12.3.2013 on enhancing the democratic and efficient conduct of the elections to the European Parliament 2013 EC Report on the 2014 European Parliament elections 2014 EC Minutes of the 2087th meeting of the Commission held in Brussels (Berlaymont) on Wednesday 28 May 2014 (morning) 2014 EDP EDP welcomed Liberal's decision to present Guy Verhofstadt as their candidate 2014 EDP Guy Verhofstadt is the best candidate! 2014 EDP EDP adopted its Manifesto and will officialise its candidate to the Commission Presidency on March 12th 2014 EDP Guy Verhofstadt, EDP candidate 2014 EGP Resolution on the Future of the European Greens 2004 EGP The personalisation of the campaign 2008 EGP EGP campaign leaders and Green ambassadors 2009 EGP Imagine a different European election 2013 EGP Green European party leaders move elections campaign forward - call for 2013 EGP EGP launches Green Primary to select the two Leading Candidates for European elections 2014 2013 EGP The Green Primary (Resolution as adopted during 19th Council Meeting, 2013) 2013 EGP Ska Keller and Jose Bove will lead the Greens in their European campaign 2014 EGP First European Presidential Debate 2014 EGP Greens remain force to be reckoned with in EU politics 2014 EL EL-Declaration: 2014 European elections: for a democratic refoundation of Europe 2012 EL European elections: concerning the submission of an EL candidacy for the presidency of the European Commission 2013 EL Tsipras, Nominated by the European Left, as the Voice to Denounce the Policies of 2013 the Troika in the European Commission EL The Party of the European Left (EL) relies to withstand in a radical way the austerity that is imposing the Troika and to fight in defence of public services 2013 EL Change Europe - for a Europe of work 2013 EL Eurovision Debate: Tsipras captures the public's attention, most tweeted leader 2014 EL European Left poised to take third place in European Elections 2014 ELDR Putting Citizens First 1995 ELDR Guiding Principles for the Work of the Convention 2002 ELDR Presidency of European Commission 2007 EP Resolution on the functioning of the Treaty on European Union with a view to the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference - Implementation and development of the Union 1995 EP Report on the functioning of the Treaty on European Union with a view to the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference - Implementation and development of the Union - Part 1 A: Motion for a resolution 1995 EP Report on the functioning of the Treaty on European Union with a view to the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference - Implementation and development of the Union - Part 1 B: Explanatory Statement 1995 EP Draft Report on the development of the European Union 1995 374 Lukáš Hamřík and Petr Kaniok: Is it all about European Democracy? The Motives behind the Institutionalisation of the Spitzenkandidaten Author/ Document/Website Title Adopted/ Source Published EP Report on the functioning of the Treaty on European Union with a view to the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference - Implementation and development of the Union - Part III: Co-draftsmen's working documents 1995 EP White Paper on the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference 1996 EP Portugal and the IGC for the revision of the Treaty on European Union. 1996 EP Guidelines of the Austrian Government on the subjects likely to be dealt with at the 1996 IGC 1996 EP Progress Report on the Intergovernmental Conference 1996 EP Resolution on Parliament's opinion on the convening of the Intergovernmental Conference; and evaluation of the work of the Reflection Group and definition of the political priorities of the European Parliament with a view to the Intergovernmental Conference 1996 EP Resolution on the general outline for a draft revision of the Treaties 1997 EP Initial Analysis of the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 EP Note on the European Parliament's Priorities for the IGC and the new Amsterdam Treaty: Report and initial Evaluation of the results 1997 EP Resolution on the Amsterdam Treaty 1997 EP Report on the institutional implications of the approval by the European Parliament of the President of the Commission and the independence of the members of the Commission 1998 EP Resolution on the institutional implications of the approval by the European Parliament of the President of the Commission and the independence of the members of the Commission 1998 EP Report on the European Parliament's proposals for the Intergovernmental Conference 2000 EP European Parliament resolution containing the European Parliament's proposals for the Intergovernmental Conference 2000 EP Report on the Treaty of Nice and the future of the European Union 2001 EP European Parliament resolution on the constitutional process and the future of the Union 2001 EP European Parliament declaration on the election of the President of the Commission by the European Parliament 2003 EP Report on the draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe and the European Parliament's opinion on the convening of the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) 2003 EP Report on guidelines for the approval of the European Commission 2003 Report on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe 2004 EP Report on the institutional aspects of the European Union's capacity to integrate new Member States 2006 EP Report on the impact of the Treaty of Lisbon on the development of the institutional balance of the European Union 2009 EP Resolution of 7 May 2009 on the impact of the Treaty of Lisbon on the development of the institutional balance of the European Union 2009 EP Working document on the impact of the Lisbon Treaty on the development of the institutional balance of the European Union 2009 EP Motion for a resolution on the elections to the European Parliament in 2014 2012 EP Draft motion for a resolution - Amendments 1-17 2012 EP Statistics - 2012/2829(RSP) - B7-0520/2012 2012 EP Amendment 1 - on behalf of the PPE Group 2012 EP Amendment 5 - on behalf of the Verts/ALE Group 2012 EP European Parliament resolution of 22 November 2012 on the elections to the European Parliament in 2014 2012 375 Lukáš Hamřík and Petr Kaniok: Is it all about European Democracy? The Motives behind the Institutionalisation of the Spitzenkandidaten Author/ Source Document/Website Title Adopted/ Published EP Debates - Thursday, 22 November 2012 - Strasbourg 2012 EP Debates (Explanations of vote) - Thursday, 22 November 2012 - Strasbourg 2012 EP Draft report on improving the organisation of the elections to the European Parliament in 2014 2013 EP Draft report - Amendments 1-79 2013 EP Draft report - Amendments 80-85 2013 EP Report on improving the practical arrangements for the holding of the European elections in 2014 2013 EP Debates - Wednesday, 3 July 2013 - Strasbourg 2013 EP European Parliament resolution of 4 July 2013 on improving the practical arrangements for the holding of the European elections in 2014 2013 EP Gianni Pittella: "The last European elections have been a turning point for the EU" 2014 EP EP Conference of Presidents: arrangements for electing next Commission President 2014 EP Conference of Presidents statement on Commission President election 2014 EP European Parliament press kit for the 26-27 June European Council 2014 EP Parliament elects Jean-Claude Juncker as Commission President 2014 EPP Ability to Act, Democracy and Transparency: The European Union - the road to European integration 1995 EPP A Constitution for a Strong Europe 2002 EPP Manifesto. EPP Statutory Congress 17-18 October 2012, Bucharest, Romania 2002 EPP Capacity to act - Democracy - Transparency 2004 EPP Appointment of the future President of the European Commission 2004 EPP For a Europe of the Citizens: Priorities for a Better Future (Rome Manifesto) 2006 EPP EPP Action Programme, Dublin Congress, 6-7 March 2014, Dublin, Ireland 2014 EPP Group EPP leaders meet in the aftermath of the European Elections (16-17 June 2004) 2004 EPP Group Twelve Prime Ministers meet in EPP Summit in Meise 2004 EPP Group Hans-Gert Poettering on the adoption of the European Constitution - "A historic achievement for Europe" 2004 EPP Group EPP-ED Group confirms its support for Mr Barroso 2004 EPP Group Hans-Gert Poettering on the new Barroso Commission 2004 EPP Group EPP-ED Study Days Budapest - Full Group meeting endorses Jose Manuel Durio Barroso as President of the European Commission 2004 EPP Group Nomination of Prime Minister Barroso for Commission President - Comment from EPP President Wilfried Martens 2004 EPP Group EPP-ED Study Days Budapest - Converting electoral success into political results now 2004 EPP Group EPP-ED Study Days in Athens: Next EU Commission needs quick but stable majority 2009 EPP Group Juncker for President: "The voice of European citizens has been heard" 2014 EPP Group EPP Group expresses full support to Jean-Claude Juncker 2014 EUCO 2595th Council meeting - Heads of State or Government (29 June 2004) 2004 EUCO Presidency Conclusions. Brussels European Council, 11 and 12 December 2008 2008 EUCO Presidency Conclusions. Brussels European Council, 18/19 June 2009 2009 EUCO European Council decision proposing to the European Parliament a candidate for President of the European Commission 2014 EUCO Ausführungen von Präsident Herman van Rompuy im Anschluss an die Tagung des Europäischen Rates 2014 EUR-Lex Minutes of the sitting of Wednesday 13 January 1999. 1999 EUR-Lex Minutes of the sitting of Wednesday 13 January 1999. 1999 376 Lukáš Hamřík and Petr Kaniok: Is it all about European Democracy? The Motives behind the Institutionalisation of the Spitzenkandidaten Author/ Document/Website Title Adopted/ Source Published Greens/EFA Commission presidency. EU governments must make decision based on outcome of European elections 2014 PES The Party of European Socialists and the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference 1996 PES Spring 2004: new challenges for the PES 2004 PES A New Way Forward, A Stronger PES 2009 PES Un candidat social-democrate unique a la Presidence de la Commission europeenne 2009 PES PES Strategy 2010-2014. A Mandate for Change 2010 PES A democratic and transparent process for designating the PES candidate for the European Commission Presidency 2010 PES Selecting our common candidate in 2014 2011 PES Europe, our common Future. Celebrating 20 years of the Party of European Socialists 2013 PES European Socialists elect Martin Schulz as Candidate for Commission President 2014 PES PES Presidency sets out Battle Plans for European Election Campaign 2014 PES Schulz connecting best with EU voters 2014 PES Juncker must deliver more progressive Europe, say PES Leaders 2014 PES PES will be "unrelenting" in ensuring Juncker Commission takes a more progressive path 2014 S&D Socialists issue a warning as they urge ministers to put off nomination for 2009 Commission Presidency S&D Barroso deal "a political, legal and institutional outrage" 2009 S&D S&D Group claim victory as fast-track Barroso decision is blocked 2009 S&D The choice for Commission President must be political 2009 S&D Swoboda on EP elections? "Direct election of Commission President to make EU more democratic" 2014 S&D "European Council must give Juncker a mandate to negotiate" 2014 S&D "We will support Jean-Claude Juncker if he respects our policy programme for change" 2014 Abbreviations: ALDE - Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ; CEU - Council of the European Union; EC - European Commission; EDP - European Democratic Party; EGP - European Green Party; EL - European Left; ELDR - European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party; EP - European Parliament; EPP - European People's Party; EUCO - European Council; Greens/EFA - Greens/European Free Alliance; PES - Party of European Socialists; S&D - Socialists & Democrats. The EUCO conclusions adopted in 2004 and later are available in the Public register. The conclusions prior to 2004 are available through official website of the EUCO/Council of the EU. 377