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@article{1669397,
author = {van Aswegen, Mariaan and Czyż, Stanisław Henryk and Moss, Sarah J.},
article_location = {Basel (Switzerland)},
article_number = {9},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093245},
keywords = {lower limb development; tibiofemoral angle; quadriceps-angle; hip anteversion angle},
language = {eng},
issn = {1660-4601},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
title = {The Profile and Development of the Lower Limb in Setswana-Speaking Children between the Ages of 2 and 9 Years},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/9/3245},
volume = {17},
year = {2020}
}
TY - JOUR
ID - 1669397
AU - van Aswegen, Mariaan - Czyż, Stanisław Henryk - Moss, Sarah J.
PY - 2020
TI - The Profile and Development of the Lower Limb in Setswana-Speaking Children between the Ages of 2 and 9 Years
JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
VL - 17
IS - 9
SP - nestrankovano
EP - nestrankovano
PB - MDPI AG
SN - 16604601
KW - lower limb development
KW - tibiofemoral angle
KW - quadriceps-angle
KW - hip anteversion angle
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/9/3245
L2 - https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/9/3245
N2 - Profile data on normal lower limb development and specifically tibiofemoral angle development in black, Setswana-speaking South African children are lacking. This study aimed to provide profiles on the development of the tibiofemoral angle, hip anteversion angle and tibial torsion angles in two- to nine-year-old children. Measurements of the tibiofemoral angle, intercondylar distances or intermalleolar distances, quadriceps-angle, hip anteversion- and tibial torsion angle were clinically obtained from 691 healthy two- to nine-year-old children. Two-year-old children presented with closest to genu varum at -3.4 degrees (+/- 3.4 degrees). At three years, a peak of -5.7 degrees (+/- 2.3 degrees) genu valgum was seen, which plateaued at -4.5 degrees (+/- 2.1 degrees) at age nine years. Intermalleolar distance results support tibiofemoral angle observations. Small quadricep-angles were observed in the two-year-old group, (-3.81 degrees +/- 3.77 degrees), which increased to a mean peak of -9.2 degrees (+/- 4.4 degrees) in nine-year-olds. From the age of four years old, children presented with neutral tibial torsion angles, whilst two- and three-year-olds presented with internal tibial torsion angles. Anteversion angles were the greatest in three-year-olds at 77.6 degrees +/- 13.8 degrees and decreased to a mean angle of 70.8 degrees +/- 6.9 degrees in nine-year-olds. The tibiofemoral angle developed similarly to those tested in European, Asian and Nigerian children, but anteversion- and internal tibial torsion angles were greater in the Setswana population than angles reported in European children. Our findings indicate that lower limb development differs in different environments and traditions of back-carrying may influence the development, which requires further investigation.
ER -
VAN ASWEGEN, Mariaan, Stanisław Henryk CZY$\backslash$.Z and Sarah J. MOSS. The Profile and Development of the Lower Limb in Setswana-Speaking Children between the Ages of 2 and 9 Years. \textit{International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}. Basel (Switzerland): MDPI AG, 2020, vol.~17, No~9, p.~nestrankovano, 15 pp. ISSN~1660-4601. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093245.
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