The monography is devoted to a comparative analysis of Russian and Czech syntactic terms related to systems of terms Syntagma, Syntactic relation and Members of the sentence. The work examines the principles and problems of comparative terminology, describes some unsolved problems of modern terminology. The study describes the differences in the meaning and functioning of the selected syntactic terms in the syntactic works of Russian and Czech linguists. A detailed analysis of individual syntactic phenomena and categories indicates their complexity and diversity, helps the development of syntactic theory. The monography is intended for Czech Russianists, Russian Bohemians, translators and everyone who is faced with this problematics.