The success of female competitors in rhythmic gymnastics competitions is the result of extensive and long-term planning. Responsible coaching activity focuses on the concept of training and full preparation based on knowledge and experience. When starting preparation for training, it is necessary to proceed from the essence of the concept of long-term training. In the first stages of sports preparation, training and individual development take precedence over competition and short-term success. Later, competition is important for gymnasts, giving a good performance in competitions at the national and international levels. The first part of this work is focused on the theoretical foundations of sports training of rhythmic gymnastics and its physiological aspects. The second part is focused on specific knowledge about stages and periodization in rhythmic gymnastics and also practical examples of planning. The publication is intended primarily for trainers and instructors of rhythmic gymnastics, but it can be a valuable basis for planning in other aesthetic sports.