The chapter is a detailed translation of the updated, 2021 European Society of Cardiology guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. It presents a modified classification of bradyarrhythmias considered for cardiac pacing and highlights the importance of precision diagnosis based on the patient's symptomatology. In addition to conventional techniques, the updated version includes, as a novelty, the issue of conduction system pacing as an alternative to cardiac resynchronization therapy. A completely new subsection covers the topic of pacing in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. The indications are clearly specified, with preventive pacing in patients developing bundle branch block no longer recommended. Yet another new concept incorporated into the update is leadless pacing in the "real-world" setting. A section that clinicians will find most useful examines indications for pacing in specific clinical scenarios such as congenital heart disease, pregnancy, postoperative bradycardias, and so on. © 2022 European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. Published by the Czech Society of Cardiology.