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@inbook{2267378,
author = {Stevens, Lawrence E. and Aly, Anwar A. and Arpin, Sarah M. and Apostolova, Iva and Ashley, Gail M. and Barba, Paulo Quadri and Barquín, Jose and Beauger, Aude and Benaabidate, Lahcen and Bhat, Sami Ullah and Bouchaou, Lhoussaine and Cantonati, Marco and Carroll, Teresa M. and Death, Russell and Dwire, Kathleen A. and Felippe, Miguel Fernandes and Fensham, Roderick J. and Fryar, Alan E. and Garsaball, Roger Pascual i and Gjoni, Vojsava and Glazier, Douglas S. and Goldscheider, Nico and Gurrieri, Joseph T. and Guðmundsdóttir, Ragnhildur and Guzman, Atzalan Rodriguez and Hájek, Michal and Hassel, Kristian and HeartsillandScalley, Tamara and Herce, Jaume Solé i and Hinterlang, Dirk and Holway, Joseph H. and Ilmonen, Jari and Jenness, Jeffrey and Kapfer, Jutta and Karaouzas, Ioannis and Knight, Robert L. and Kreiling, AgnesandKatharina and Lameli, Christian Herrera and Ledbetter, Jeri D. and Levine, Nataly and Lyons, Melinda D. and Mace, Robert E. and Mentzafou, Angeliki and Marle, Pierre and Moosdorf, Nils and Norton, Monica K. and Pentecost, Allan and Pérez, Guillermo García and Perla, Bianca and Saber, Abdullah A. and Sada, Donald and Segadelli, Stefano and Skaalsveen, Kamilla and Springer, Abraham E. and Swanson, Susan K. and Schwartz, Benjamin F. and Sprouse, Peter and Tekere, Memory and Tobin, Benjamin W. and Tshibalo, Ernest Azwindini and Voldoire, Olivier},
address = {Amsterdam},
booktitle = {Imperiled: The Encyclopedia of Conservation: Volume 1-3},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821139-7.00111-2},
keywords = {Assessment; Ecosystem; Endangered; Global imperilment; Groundwater; Ramsar convention; Red list of ecosystems; Springs; Springs-dependent taxa},
howpublished = {tištěná verze "print"},
language = {eng},
location = {Amsterdam},
isbn = {978-0-12-821139-7},
pages = {436-451},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {The Ecological Integrity of Spring Ecosystems: A Global Review},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821139-7.00111-2},
year = {2022}
}
TY - CHAP
ID - 2267378
AU - Stevens, Lawrence E. - Aly, Anwar A. - Arpin, Sarah M. - Apostolova, Iva - Ashley, Gail M. - Barba, Paulo Quadri - Barquín, Jose - Beauger, Aude - Benaabidate, Lahcen - Bhat, Sami Ullah - Bouchaou, Lhoussaine - Cantonati, Marco - Carroll, Teresa M. - Death, Russell - Dwire, Kathleen A. - Felippe, Miguel Fernandes - Fensham, Roderick J. - Fryar, Alan E. - Garsaball, Roger Pascual i - Gjoni, Vojsava - Glazier, Douglas S. - Goldscheider, Nico - Gurrieri, Joseph T. - Guðmundsdóttir, Ragnhildur - Guzman, Atzalan Rodriguez - Hájek, Michal - Hassel, Kristian - Heartsill-Scalley, Tamara - Herce, Jaume Solé i - Hinterlang, Dirk - Holway, Joseph H. - Ilmonen, Jari - Jenness, Jeffrey - Kapfer, Jutta - Karaouzas, Ioannis - Knight, Robert L. - Kreiling, Agnes-Katharina - Lameli, Christian Herrera - Ledbetter, Jeri D. - Levine, Nataly - Lyons, Melinda D. - Mace, Robert E. - Mentzafou, Angeliki - Marle, Pierre - Moosdorf, Nils - Norton, Monica K. - Pentecost, Allan - Pérez, Guillermo García - Perla, Bianca - Saber, Abdullah A. - Sada, Donald - Segadelli, Stefano - Skaalsveen, Kamilla - Springer, Abraham E. - Swanson, Susan K. - Schwartz, Benjamin F. - Sprouse, Peter - Tekere, Memory - Tobin, Benjamin W. - Tshibalo, Ernest Azwindini - Voldoire, Olivier
PY - 2022
TI - The Ecological Integrity of Spring Ecosystems: A Global Review
VL - Neuveden
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
SN - 9780128211397
KW - Assessment
KW - Ecosystem
KW - Endangered
KW - Global imperilment
KW - Groundwater
KW - Ramsar convention
KW - Red list of ecosystems
KW - Springs
KW - Springs-dependent taxa
UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821139-7.00111-2
N2 - Springs are ecosystems influenced by the exposure of groundwater at the Earth's surface. Springs are abundant and have played important, highly interactive ecological, cultural, and socio-economic roles in arid, mesic, and subaqueous environments throughout human evolution and history. However, springs also are widely regarded as being highly threatened by human impacts. Cantonati et al. (2020a) recommended increased global awareness of springs, including basic mapping, inventory and assessment of the distribution and ecological integrity of springs. We conducted a preliminary global analysis on the ecological integrity of springs by reviewing information on the distribution, ecohydrogeology, associated species, kinds and intensity of human uses, and level of ecological impairment of spring ecosystems. We reviewed information on an estimated 250,000 spring ecosystems among 78 countries across much of the world. Available literature on spring ecological integrity is sparse, widely scattered, and spatially erratic, with major gaps in knowledge. We report large differences in the quality and extent of information among countries and continents, with only moderate data availability even among developed countries, and limited information across most of the developing world. Among countries with available data, ecological impairment of springs is everywhere rampant, sometimes exceeding 90% in developed regions. Impairment among Holarctic nations is generally negatively related to distance from human development, elevation, and latitude, but such patterns are less evident in Africa, Australia, and South America. Declining trends in ecosystem condition, compounding threat factors, and spring-dependent population declines, extirpation, and extinctions of plants, invertebrates, fish, and herpetofauna are widely reported. Overall, available information indicates a global crisis in spring ecosystem integrity, with levels of ecosystem impairment ranging from Vulnerable to fully Collapsed. The threats to aquifers and the ecological integrity of springs vary spatially. Many springs are impaired by local impacts due to flow diversion, geomorphic alteration, land use practices, recreation impacts, and the introduction of non-native species. These threats can be reduced through education, rehabilitation of geomorphology and habitat quality, and species reintroductions if the supporting aquifer remains relatively intact. However, springs also are widely threatened by regional to global factors, including groundwater extraction and pollution, as well as climate change. Such coarse-scale, pre-emergence impacts negatively affect the sustainability of spring ecosystems and the aquifers that support them. Improving understanding and stewardship of springs will require much additional systematic inventory and assessment, improved information management, and reconsideration of basic conservation concepts (e.g., habitat connectivity), as well as cultural and socio-economic valuation. Substantial societal recognition, discussion, and policy reform are needed within and among nations to better protect and sustainably rehabilitate springs, their supporting aquifers, and the spring-dependent human and biotic populations that depend upon them.
ER -
STEVENS, Lawrence E., Anwar A. ALY, Sarah M. ARPIN, Iva APOSTOLOVA, Gail M. ASHLEY, Paulo Quadri BARBA, Jose BARQUÍN, Aude BEAUGER, Lahcen BENAABIDATE, Sami Ullah BHAT, Lhoussaine BOUCHAOU, Marco CANTONATI, Teresa M. CARROLL, Russell DEATH, Kathleen A. DWIRE, Miguel Fernandes FELIPPE, Roderick J. FENSHAM, Alan E. FRYAR, Roger Pascual i GARSABALL, Vojsava GJONI, Douglas S. GLAZIER, Nico GOLDSCHEIDER, Joseph T. GURRIERI, Ragnhildur GUÐMUNDSDÓTTIR, Atzalan Rodriguez GUZMAN, Michal HÁJEK, Kristian HASSEL, Tamara HEARTSILL-SCALLEY, Jaume Solé i HERCE, Dirk HINTERLANG, Joseph H. HOLWAY, Jari ILMONEN, Jeffrey JENNESS, Jutta KAPFER, Ioannis KARAOUZAS, Robert L. KNIGHT, Agnes-Katharina KREILING, Christian Herrera LAMELI, Jeri D. LEDBETTER, Nataly LEVINE, Melinda D. LYONS, Robert E. MACE, Angeliki MENTZAFOU, Pierre MARLE, Nils MOOSDORF, Monica K. NORTON, Allan PENTECOST, Guillermo García PÉREZ, Bianca PERLA, Abdullah A. SABER, Donald SADA, Stefano SEGADELLI, Kamilla SKAALSVEEN, Abraham E. SPRINGER, Susan K. SWANSON, Benjamin F. SCHWARTZ, Peter SPROUSE, Memory TEKERE, Benjamin W. TOBIN, Ernest Azwindini TSHIBALO and Olivier VOLDOIRE. The Ecological Integrity of Spring Ecosystems: A Global Review. In \textit{Imperiled: The Encyclopedia of Conservation: Volume 1-3}. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2022, p.~436-451. ISBN~978-0-12-821139-7. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821139-7.00111-2.
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