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@article{2364722,
author = {Li, Xiaochun and Čechal, Jan and Špaňhel, Lubomír and Toscani, Siro and Martiník, Jakub and Obořilová, Radka and Trnková, Libuše},
article_location = {Oxford},
article_number = {January},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.143615},
keywords = {Polysiloxanes; Composites; Pencil graphite electrode; XPS; DSC; GC-MS/MS; EIS; CV; Elimination voltammetry with linear scan; (EVLS); SEM},
language = {eng},
issn = {0013-4686},
journal = {Electrochimica Acta},
title = {Intriguing properties of graphite/polysiloxane composite-based pencil electrodes},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468623017851},
volume = {475},
year = {2024}
}
TY - JOUR
ID - 2364722
AU - Li, Xiaochun - Čechal, Jan - Špaňhel, Lubomír - Toscani, Siro - Martiník, Jakub - Obořilová, Radka - Trnková, Libuše
PY - 2024
TI - Intriguing properties of graphite/polysiloxane composite-based pencil electrodes
JF - Electrochimica Acta
VL - 475
IS - January
SP - 1-12
EP - 1-12
PB - Elsevier
SN - 00134686
KW - Polysiloxanes
KW - Composites
KW - Pencil graphite electrode
KW - XPS
KW - DSC
KW - GC-MS/MS
KW - EIS
KW - CV
KW - Elimination voltammetry with linear scan
KW - (EVLS)
KW - SEM
UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468623017851
N2 - Pencil leads can be considered well-defined and cheap graphite electrodes for a wide range of electrochemistry applications. These electrodes display many intriguing properties; however, the origin of these properties is not clear. Using various analytical approaches applied to two different commercially available Tombow (TO) and Staedtler (ST) pencils we reveal a causal relationship between the unique properties of pencils and their graphite/polysiloxane composite. We explore the impact of chloroform etching on chemical composition changes, thermal stability and electrochemical parameters of pencils. Using a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) various polydimethylsiloxanes in composites are revealed. The polysiloxane species leave into the chloroform solvent during the etching resulting in a significant decrease of their content within the electrodes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data, corroborated by gravimetric measurements, provide additional proof of the presence of composite structures in ST and TO pencils, showing glass transition temperatures at around 76 degrees C and 81 degrees C. The main difference between the TO and ST electrodes is the content and composition of the polysiloxanes within the graphite matrix. ST composites have significantly higher polymer content (- 30 %) with traces of Na and S impurities compared to TO ones (- 14 %) free of contaminations. Furthermore, mainly cyclic nanostructures appear in chloroform extracts of ST composites whereas rather chain-like clusters are liberated out of the TO counterparts. Complementary electrochemical experiments using cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the less known elimination voltammetry with linear scan (EVLS) reflect the performance superiority of TO electrodes with much lower polysiloxane content and free of impurities. High conductivity, low capacitive current along with favoured charge carrier transfer all promise a wide range of technological applications for the TO pencil material.
ER -
LI, Xiaochun, Jan ČECHAL, Lubomír ŠPAŇHEL, Siro TOSCANI, Jakub MARTINÍK, Radka OBOŘILOVÁ and Libuše TRNKOVÁ. Intriguing properties of graphite/polysiloxane composite-based pencil electrodes. \textit{Electrochimica Acta}. Oxford: Elsevier, 2024, vol.~475, January, p.~1-12. ISSN~0013-4686. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.143615.
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