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@article{406044,
author = {Falk, Martin and Lukášová, Emilie and Kozubek, Stanislav and Kozubek, Michal},
article_location = {Amsterdam},
article_number = {1},
keywords = {nuclear architecture; chromosome X inactivation; three dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization; confocal microscopy; chromatin; condensation},
language = {eng},
issn = {0378-1119},
journal = {Gene},
title = {Topography of genetic elements of X-chromosome relative to the cell nucleus and to the chromosome X territory determined for human lymphocytes},
volume = {292},
year = {2002}
}
TY - JOUR
ID - 406044
AU - Falk, Martin - Lukášová, Emilie - Kozubek, Stanislav - Kozubek, Michal
PY - 2002
TI - Topography of genetic elements of X-chromosome relative to the cell nucleus and to the chromosome X territory determined for human lymphocytes
JF - Gene
VL - 292
IS - 1
SP - 13
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier
SN - 03781119
KW - nuclear architecture
KW - chromosome X inactivation
KW - three dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization
KW - confocal microscopy
KW - chromatin
KW - condensation
N2 - Topography of three genetic elements - dystrophin (dmd) exons 5-7 (E-1), 46-47 (E-2) and centromere of chromosome X (N-x) were studied relative to cell nuclei and to chromosome X territories of spatially fixed human lymphocytes. Repeated three-dimensional (3D) dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with high-resolution cytometry was used. In addition, the nuclear location of fluorescence weight centers (FWC), spatial volume, and maximal area per one section of chromosome-X territories were investigated. The larger (X-L) and smaller (X-s) homologous X-chromosomes were distinguished for each nucleus according to the 3D volume of their territories. The distributions of the [center of nucleus]-to-[genetic element] distances (radial distributions) of dmd exons E-1, E-2, centromere N-x and FWC were very similar for both homologous X-chromosomes of female lymphocytes as well as for the chromosome X of the human male. On the other hand, larger average mutual distances between all pairs of signals (E-1, E-2, N-x, FWC) and larger average maximal area were observed for the larger chromosome (X-L) in comparison with the smaller one (X-s). The territory of the larger homologue showed also more irregular surface. The most significant differences between homologous X-chromosomes were found for N-x-E-1, N-x-E-2 and E-1-E-2 distances that were in average about twice longer for X-L as compared with X-s. These parameters correlate to each other and can be used for the reliable determination of more (de)condensed X-chromosome territory. The longer E-1-E-2 distances for X-L indicate more open chromatin structure of the dystrophin gene on this chromosome in contrary to closed structure on X-s. Substantially shorter distances of the dystrophin exons from the centromeric heterochromatin in X-s as compared to X-L can be explained by silencing effect of centromeres as described in Nature 1 (2000) 137.
ER -
FALK, Martin, Emilie LUKÁŠOVÁ, Stanislav KOZUBEK and Michal KOZUBEK. Topography of genetic elements of X-chromosome relative to the cell nucleus and to the chromosome X territory determined for human lymphocytes. \textit{Gene}. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2002, vol.~292, No~1, p.~13-24. ISSN~0378-1119.
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