The aims of this study were the correlations of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) serum levels and mortality, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and lenght of hospitalization in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Material and method: The study protocol and informed consent were approved by the ethics committee of University Hospital Brno. During the period from May 2007 to October 2009 sixty-three patients with TBI were enrolled into the prospective study. TBI was verified by computerized tomography. Venous blood samples were taken after admission and every 24 h for a maximum of 6 consecutive days. Serum concentrations of neuron-specific enolase were quantified immuno-luminometrically. Six months after the primary injury, the study protocol documented outcome according to the Glasgow Outcome Score. Results: NSE values is significantly higher in patients who died compared to patients who survived. Significantly different dynamics of this protein was only in patients who died while the increase is still noticeable during the first two days. For survivors, the values of this protein decreases from the beginning. At D4 there is a few patients with mild elevation, which, however, does not show as a “second peak” effect in the overall average. In relation to the length of hospitalization does not show any diference. Conclusion: Biomarker neuron-specific enolase may have the potential to be used as quantitative measures of the success of therapy for TBI and might serve as an objective marker of the predictor mortality and outcome.