1^ INSHS Universitě Hlť.e SOPHIA A VI' L ľ d 1.1 S 1 6°39, CNRS - IL-F -mm. **xr 0^ There are /iw kinds of syllabic consonants: (Germanic) left-branchers and (Slavic) right-branchers m Emilie Caratini*, Olivier Rizzolo*, Tobias scheer* čx Markéta Ziková1" * Laboratoire bcl (uns/cnrs), t Masaryk University caratini@unice.fr, rizzolo@unice.fr, scheer@unice.fr, zikovQ@phil.muni.cz MOtíWorfd Conference in Pnono/ogy Marrakech January, 19-22, 2011 0. The Issue: Syllabic Consonants (SCs) SCs are 'phonological hermaphrodites': SCs are 'consonants which behave like vowels' - Anchoring of SCs: in the nucleus - Option 1 vs. in a consonantal position - Option 2 - Structure of SCs: A7J?/7f- - Option 2a vs. /*?//-- - Option 2b vs. rA?/ff- and /e/V'-branching - Option 2c N Co of melody they are c s n s Option 1. SCs are nuclear in essence Literature: Carr [1993], Hayes [1989], Kenstowicz [1994], Rubach [1977], Spencer [1996]... SCs show vowel-like behaviour: - SCs are syllable peaks (cf. poetry; counted by natives) - SCs may bear stress (at least in certain languages) BUT: - Confusion between representation (shape) and function (behaviour) - Strong violation of basic autoseg- mentalprinciples: the phonological identity as well as the pronunciation of pieces depends on the type of constituent that attached to. That is, [j] and [i] for example have the same melod identity, the difference being one of association: [j] produced if the melody is dominated by an onset, [i] case it depends on a nucleus. Therefore something that associated to a nucleus (and to nothing else) cannot be pronounced as a consonant. -> No symmetry between consonants standing in nuclear position (SCs) and vowels standing in consonantal position (glides): a vowel (e.g. [i]) sitting in a consonantal position is pronounced as a consonant (e.g. [j]) but a consonant which sits in a nucleus is NOT pronounced as a vowel -Alternations between C and sC Option 2. SCs are consonantal in essence... ... because they sit in onsets. Vocalic behaviour of SCs: SCs branch on a neighbouring nucleus. Option 2a. SCs are right- branching Literature: Blaho [2001], Rennison [1999:333ff], Rowicka [2001], Scheer [2009], Zikovd [2007]... Option 2b. SCs are left- branching Literature: Hall [1992:35ff ], Harris [1994:224f ], Scheer [1998, 2004, 2008], Szigetvdri [1999:117ff, 2001], Toft [2002], Wiese [1996:246]... C Option 2c. SCs are left- and right-branching Problem: 2 nuclei filled with a piece of melody equivalent of a long vowel C Literature: Blaho [2001:23ff, 2004:46]... 6. Selected references Argument: Two distinct empirical situations regarding SCs: - effects to their left (the nucleus to their leftis active) - effects to their right (the nucleus to their right Is active) Option 1 cannot express this variation (A) C Glosses dunkel t'dugkd] ['dugkl] "dark" Boden ['bcKcten] ['bo:dn] "floor" Q Leben ['lerbsn] ['le:bm] "life" öegen ['deigsn] t'dergg] "sword" Hafen ['ha: fan] ['harfig] "harbour" einem ['?airi3m] ['?amm] "a, one" bottle ['botel] t'botl] "bottle" E. button ['bAten] ['dugkl] "button" rhythm ['jiöam] ['.nom] "rhythm" Conclusion: - SCs sit in onsets and branch either on a preceding or a following nucleus - Parametric variation', left- vs. right-branchinqness - Long SCs (like long vowels) branch on 2 nuclei (left AND right, cf. Slovak) Can left- AND right- branch ingness ..coexist within a single language? (B) Serbian Šatrovački Glosses C...r# smor stvar rsmo rstva "boredom" "thing" C...C# cvet vie grad tQCve CQVi ddgra flower "joke" city * C = Co, in Serbian C = sC, in English and German OSL in (Standard) German: mhg nhg Glosses c v _C 0 bere zul gl 1 ['be:K9] [Tsurk] "berry" "train" _cc kegel Boden 1 ['keigl] ['boidn] "cone" "floor" CC v _CC 0 hahse alt I ['hakss] 1..............Ciit]............. 1 "knuckle" "old" _cc c insel hinten ['Vinzl] 1 ['hmtn] !"island" 1 "behind" consonantal in essence - Short SCs. V C i or German, English. ■ Serbian (+ Šatrovački), Czech, Slovak... (Parametric variation) - Long SCs- V C V Forms Glosses drnčet v[hký brnknout ^z natrpklý b[bec, bl_b-0C-e "(to) rattle" "humid" "(to) jingle" "(to) be a little bitter" "idiot (Norn. Sg., Gen. Sg.)" Se Grcka drn don je "Greece" "rubbing" srnko SI. prst hrst' "roe" "fat" "finger" "fist" (Blaho [2004:24]) Lengthening Lie. possible Lengthening impossible unlicensed Gov. Ci Vi Cz Vz C3 V3 Ci Vi Cz Vz C3 V3 CA Va v III- formed Gov. Gov. Well-formed Gov. Orphan b S e a [e:] [a:] 9 0 a [a:] I 0 t 0 Ci Vi Cz Vz C3 V3 C4 V4 Ci Vi Cz Vz C3 V3 C4 V4 I h SCs are /e/f-branching in German Lie. k ý I h k ý Ci Vi Cz Vz C3 V3 Ca Va 0 k e -*[e:] g (C) Eastern Middle German Literature: Paul, Wiehl & Grosse [1998 (1881)], Schirmunski [1962 (1956)]... Standard language: OsL affected Mhg short vowels followed by full vowels, empty nuclei and SCs Gov. Eastern Middle German (Emg): 0rPhan Osl did not take place before SCs Q\ Vi C2[\/2]c3 V3 C4 V4 E.g. Mhg vater> l/[a:]ter(stand.) | U-h"'" I [-"' vs. /[a] ter(EtAG) "father" v a ■*[»] t 0 r 0 SCs were not able to license a preceding nucleus in Emg SCs are not /e//'-branching in Emg SCs are r/^f-branching in Emg SCs are r/^/fr-branching in Cz, Se. and SI. (D) Short vs. long SCs in Slovak Literature: Blaho [2001, 2004] - No minimal pairs (minimal pairs are attested for long vs. short vowels) - Speaker intuition rather not reliable for distinguishing long and short SCs BUT: Good phonological evidence from Rythmic Law Case markers with underlyingly long vowels (e.g. Dat. PI. -dm) shorten when the root - vowel is long (prohibition a. of two long vowels in a row) a. and b. ^ reaction on short si. b. vs. long root vowels (Blaho — c. and d. ^ 2 classes of SCs: [200i-.il]) c. SCs under d. do, SCs under c. do not provoke shortening ^ of -dm Nom. Sg. žena ulica lúka knieža srna vlna vŕba hĺbka Dat. PI. Glosses "woman" zen-am ulic-ám I "street" lúk-am I "meadow" kniež-am j "prince" srn-am vln-am vŕb-am hlbk-am w li roe wave willow "depth" 1. Left- vs. right-branching of SCs: diagnostics Two kinds of tests/diagnostics A. Relationship with a preceding (schwa-like) nucleus, cf. (A): • in diachrony e.g.: sC > C: NHG di//7te/ ['durjkl] < OHG tunkal Eng. button ['bAtn] < Fr. £0/0/7 • and/or in synchrony (free variation) e.g.: free variation between sC and C NHG dunkel ['dugkl] or ['dugkl] "dark" Eng. bottle ['botel] or ['botl] B. Behaviour of SCs with regards to a following consonant cluster (CC), cf. (B): (•in diachrony or) in synchrony e.g.: SCs may be followed by the same CCs as real vowels in Czech, Slovak and Serbian SCs may never be followed by complex coda(-onset) clusters in English and German 2. Complementary distribution of diagnostics: Language exhibit evidence for A OR for B - not for both at the same time English and German: SCs alternates with sC SCs are never followed by CCs Serbian, Czech etc. : C alternates with Cs SCs may be followed by CCs Two very different structures appear as SCs on the surface The difference between German-like and Czechlike SCs cannot be accounted for if we assume that SCs simply sit in the nucleus 3. Conclusion Two kinds of effects observed => two situations - Situation 1: Relationship with preceding nucleus e.g. English and Standard German (cf. (A)) - Situation 2: Relationship with following nucleus e.g. Czech, Serbian, Slovak and Emg (cf. (B)) Two kinds of SCs - left- vs. r/^/7/'-branchingness of SCs is a language-specific parameter Prediction: within a single language, the preceding and the following nucleus cannot be active at the same time... except in systems where SCs are contrastive for length, e.g. Slovak (cf. Blaho [2004]) 4. Discussion Can /^/"-branching and /•/^///'-branching SCs coexist within a single language? If yes: left- vs. right-branchingness = lexical If no: True, universal parameter 5. Key CC "Consonant Cluster" // Cz "Czech" // Dat. "Dative" // E. "English" // Ems "Eastern Middle German" // Gov. "Government" // Lie. "Licensing" // Mhg "Middle High German" (1050-1350) // NHG "New High German" (1650-) // Nom. "Nominative" // PI. 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