Theses on a related topic (having the same keywords):
substantivum, rustina, puvod slov, russian language, podstatne jmeno, nemcina, german language, germanismus, etymologie, noun, etymologyKeywords ordered alphabetically | Keywords ordered by occurrence rate
501.
Tyminska, Julia
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Humanities / Economic Policy, Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Jazyková analýza názvů ruských společenských časopisů | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Humanities / Economic Policy, Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Jazyková analýza názvů ruských společenských časopisů | Theses on a related topic
502.
Uhlířová, Radka maiden name: Koprdová
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Translation and Interpreting / German-language Translation
Master's thesis defence: Anglizismen im Deutschen und Tschechischen: Ein Vergleich anhand ausgewählter journalistischer Texte über EU-Ereignisse | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Translation and Interpreting / German-language Translation
Master's thesis defence: Anglizismen im Deutschen und Tschechischen: Ein Vergleich anhand ausgewählter journalistischer Texte über EU-Ereignisse | Theses on a related topic
503.
Ulmanová, Jana maiden name: Vybíralová
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Primary Schools / Primary School Teacher Training (combination/specialization: Německý jazyk)
Master's thesis defence: Kroužek němčiny pro 5. třídu ZŠ aneb Jak zvládnout němčinu současně s angličtinou | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Primary Schools / Primary School Teacher Training (combination/specialization: Německý jazyk)
Master's thesis defence: Kroužek němčiny pro 5. třídu ZŠ aneb Jak zvládnout němčinu současně s angličtinou | Theses on a related topic
504.
Václaviková Kunková, Vlasta
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Primary and Lower Secondary Schools / Lower Secondary and Language School Teacher Training in German Language
Master's thesis defence: Methoden und Übungen zur Behebung von typischen Aussprachfehlern der tschechischen Muttersprachler | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Primary and Lower Secondary Schools / Lower Secondary and Language School Teacher Training in German Language
Master's thesis defence: Methoden und Übungen zur Behebung von typischen Aussprachfehlern der tschechischen Muttersprachler | Theses on a related topic
505.
Václavíková, Veronika maiden name: Studená
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2006, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Primary Schools / Primary School Teacher Training
Master's thesis defence: Přejatá slova v řeči dětí na 1. stupni základní školy | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2006, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Primary Schools / Primary School Teacher Training
Master's thesis defence: Přejatá slova v řeči dětí na 1. stupni základní školy | Theses on a related topic
506.
Vahalová, Lucie maiden name: Kleinová
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Primary and Lower Secondary Schools / Lower Secondary and Language School Teacher Training in Russian Language
Master's thesis defence: Motivace žáků 2. stupně ZŠ ve výuce ruského jazyka z pohledu učitele | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Primary and Lower Secondary Schools / Lower Secondary and Language School Teacher Training in Russian Language
Master's thesis defence: Motivace žáků 2. stupně ZŠ ve výuce ruského jazyka z pohledu učitele | Theses on a related topic
507.
Valová, Anna
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Modern Greek Language and Literature, Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Ruské předložkové konstrukce s účelovým významem a jejich responze v češtině | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Modern Greek Language and Literature, Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Ruské předložkové konstrukce s účelovým významem a jejich responze v češtině | Theses on a related topic
508.
Vaňková, Leona
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in English Language and Literature, Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Russkij glagol jechať s pristavkami v sopostavleniji s češskim jazykom | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in English Language and Literature, Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Russkij glagol jechať s pristavkami v sopostavleniji s češskim jazykom | Theses on a related topic
509.
Váňová, Kateřina
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in Arts, Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in German Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Tschechische Hypokoristika und ihre Äquivalente im Deutschen | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in Arts, Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in German Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Tschechische Hypokoristika und ihre Äquivalente im Deutschen | Theses on a related topic
510.
Varmuža, Jakub
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Secondary Schools / Upper Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Mobilní aplikace ve výuce ruského jazyka | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Secondary Schools / Upper Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Mobilní aplikace ve výuce ruského jazyka | Theses on a related topic
511.
Vepřeková, Klára
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: German Language for Education / German Language for Education
Bachelor's thesis defence: Montessori-Pädagogik und Unterricht des Deutschen als Fremdsprache | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: German Language for Education / German Language for Education
Bachelor's thesis defence: Montessori-Pädagogik und Unterricht des Deutschen als Fremdsprache | Theses on a related topic
512.
Veselá, Šárka
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in English Language and Literature, Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in German Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Verbreitung und Perspektive der deutschen Sprache in der Tschechischen Republik: Eine Untersuchung zu Lernerzahlen und Motiven | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in English Language and Literature, Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in German Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Verbreitung und Perspektive der deutschen Sprache in der Tschechischen Republik: Eine Untersuchung zu Lernerzahlen und Motiven | Theses on a related topic
513.
Vičarová, Hana
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Teacher Training in Foreign Languages - Russian Language
Bachelor's thesis defence: Prezentace interkulturních témat v učebnicích ruského jazyka | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Teacher Training in Foreign Languages - Russian Language
Bachelor's thesis defence: Prezentace interkulturních témat v učebnicích ruského jazyka | Theses on a related topic
514.
Vlášková, Lucia
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Kategorija intensivnosti v russkom i slovackom jazykach | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Kategorija intensivnosti v russkom i slovackom jazykach | Theses on a related topic
515.
Vlhová, Šárka
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2014, studies terminated for failure to fulfill study requirements
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Teacher Training in Foreign Languages - Russian Language
Bachelor's thesis defence: Srovnání výslovnosti měkkých hlásek v Rj a ČJ | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2014, studies terminated for failure to fulfill study requirements
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Teacher Training in Foreign Languages - Russian Language
Bachelor's thesis defence: Srovnání výslovnosti měkkých hlásek v Rj a ČJ | Theses on a related topic
516.
Vlková, Marie
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2009, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Teacher Training in Foreign Languages - German Language
Bachelor's thesis defence: Musikalische und spielerische Elemente im DaF-Unterricht | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2009, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Teacher Training in Foreign Languages - German Language
Bachelor's thesis defence: Musikalische und spielerische Elemente im DaF-Unterricht | Theses on a related topic
517.
Vlková, Petra
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / General Linguistics, German Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Porovnání gramatických struktur němčiny a nizozemštiny | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / General Linguistics, German Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Porovnání gramatických struktur němčiny a nizozemštiny | Theses on a related topic
518.
Vodrážková, Zuzana
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2007, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Philology / Croatian Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Multiverbizovaná verbonominalní spojení v chorvatských publicistických textech | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2007, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Philology / Croatian Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Multiverbizovaná verbonominalní spojení v chorvatských publicistických textech | Theses on a related topic
519.
Volková, Denisa
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2024, studies under way
Programme/field: General Linguistics / General Linguistics
Bachelor's thesis defence: Vybrané názvy obilnin v českém jazyce | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2024, studies under way
Programme/field: General Linguistics / General Linguistics
Bachelor's thesis defence: Vybrané názvy obilnin v českém jazyce | Theses on a related topic
520.
Volkova, Yulia
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in English Language and Literature, Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Analýza chyb v anglické výslovnosti u rodilých mluvčích ruského jazyka | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in English Language and Literature, Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Analýza chyb v anglické výslovnosti u rodilých mluvčích ruského jazyka | Theses on a related topic
521.
Voltrová, Radka
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Secondary Schools / Upper Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Začlenění reálií rusky mluvících zemí do současné výuky ruského jazyka na různých typech středních škol v Pardubicích a okolí | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Secondary Schools / Upper Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Začlenění reálií rusky mluvících zemí do současné výuky ruského jazyka na různých typech středních škol v Pardubicích a okolí | Theses on a related topic
522.
Vondrová, Zuzana
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian with orientation on Commercial Practice, Services and Travel
Bachelor's thesis defence: Meždunarodnyj kommerčeskij dogovor kupli-prodaži – ponjatije, značenije i analiz dokumentov | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian with orientation on Commercial Practice, Services and Travel
Bachelor's thesis defence: Meždunarodnyj kommerčeskij dogovor kupli-prodaži – ponjatije, značenije i analiz dokumentov | Theses on a related topic
523.
Vorobets, Oleksandr
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Philology / German Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Die Personennamen im deutschen und ostslawischen Sprachraum. Übersicht der charakteristischen Merkmale und Spezifika. | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Philology / German Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Die Personennamen im deutschen und ostslawischen Sprachraum. Übersicht der charakteristischen Merkmale und Spezifika. | Theses on a related topic
524.
Vrbová, Pavlína maiden name: Mládková
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Czech Language and Literature for Education, Russian Language for Education
Bachelor's thesis defence: Způsoby vyjádření imperativu v ruštině a možnosti jejich překladu do češtiny | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Czech Language and Literature for Education, Russian Language for Education
Bachelor's thesis defence: Způsoby vyjádření imperativu v ruštině a možnosti jejich překladu do češtiny | Theses on a related topic
525.
Xu, Eva
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in English Language and Literature, Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Ruský infinitiv v syntaktických konstrukcích titulků článků ruských novin Kommersant. | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in English Language and Literature, Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Ruský infinitiv v syntaktických konstrukcích titulků článků ruských novin Kommersant. | Theses on a related topic
526.
Zahirová, Eliška
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Teacher Training in Foreign Languages - German Language
Bachelor's thesis defence: Mehrsprachigkeit an der Grundschule: Deutsch nach Englisch | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2013, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Teacher Training in Foreign Languages - German Language
Bachelor's thesis defence: Mehrsprachigkeit an der Grundschule: Deutsch nach Englisch | Theses on a related topic
527.
Zahradníková, Irena maiden name: Mikešová
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Teacher Training in Foreign Languages - Russian Language
Bachelor's thesis defence: Metody kritického myšlení na příkladě využití didaktického literárního textu ve výuce cizích jazyků | Theses on a related topic
Bachelor's thesis defence: Metody kritického myšlení na příkladě využití didaktického literárního textu ve výuce cizích jazyků | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Specialization in Education / Teacher Training in Foreign Languages - Russian Language
Bachelor's thesis defence: Metody kritického myšlení na příkladě využití didaktického literárního textu ve výuce cizích jazyků | Theses on a related topic
Bachelor's thesis defence: Metody kritického myšlení na příkladě využití didaktického literárního textu ve výuce cizích jazyků | Theses on a related topic
528.
Zajíčková, Kateřina
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian with orientation on Commercial Practice, Services and Travel
Bachelor's thesis defence: Problematika stravování spojeného se zdravým životním stylem v rusky psaných internetových magazínech pro ženy | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian with orientation on Commercial Practice, Services and Travel
Bachelor's thesis defence: Problematika stravování spojeného se zdravým životním stylem v rusky psaných internetových magazínech pro ženy | Theses on a related topic
529.
Zdražilová, Marie
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Primary and Lower Secondary Schools / Lower Secondary and Language School Teacher Training in German Language
Master's thesis defence: Wörter mit dem Fremdpräfix anti- und ihre tschechischen Äquivalente | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Primary and Lower Secondary Schools / Lower Secondary and Language School Teacher Training in German Language
Master's thesis defence: Wörter mit dem Fremdpräfix anti- und ihre tschechischen Äquivalente | Theses on a related topic
530.
Zelenkova, Marie
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Sopostavitelnyj analiz frazeologičeskich jedinic, vyražajuščich otricatelnuju ocenku umstvennych sposobnostej v russkom i češskom jazykach | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Sopostavitelnyj analiz frazeologičeskich jedinic, vyražajuščich otricatelnuju ocenku umstvennych sposobnostej v russkom i češskom jazykach | Theses on a related topic
531.
Zemanová, Andrea
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Neshodný přívlastek vyjádřený v ruštině předložkovým pádem substantiva a jeho responze v češtině | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Neshodný přívlastek vyjádřený v ruštině předložkovým pádem substantiva a jeho responze v češtině | Theses on a related topic
532.
Zemanová, Andrea
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Secondary Schools / Upper Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Fungování neshodného přívlastku v ruštině a jeho české protějšky | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Secondary Schools / Upper Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Fungování neshodného přívlastku v ruštině a jeho české protějšky | Theses on a related topic
533.
Zemanová, Andrea
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Fungování neshodného přívlastku v ruštině a jeho české protějšky | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Fungování neshodného přívlastku v ruštině a jeho české protějšky | Theses on a related topic
534.
Zlámalová, Jana
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2022, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language / Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language
Master's thesis defence: Didaktický překlad ve výuce ruského jazyka na českých základních školách | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Education
Year: 2022, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language / Lower Secondary School Teacher Training in Russian Language
Master's thesis defence: Didaktický překlad ve výuce ruského jazyka na českých základních školách | Theses on a related topic
535.
Zmeškalová, Romana
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Odlišné užití záporu v ruštině a češtině | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Russian Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Odlišné užití záporu v ruštině a češtině | Theses on a related topic
536.
Zöhrerová, Renáta
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Secondary Schools / Upper Secondary School Teacher Training in German Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Phraseme mit einigen Farbbezeichnungen im Deutschen, Russischen und Tschechischen | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Teacher Training for Secondary Schools / Upper Secondary School Teacher Training in German Language and Literature
Master's thesis defence: Phraseme mit einigen Farbbezeichnungen im Deutschen, Russischen und Tschechischen | Theses on a related topic
537.
Žáková, Eva Marie
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Spanish Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Helenismos en la lengua española | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Philology / Spanish Language and Literature
Bachelor's thesis defence: Helenismos en la lengua española | Theses on a related topic