Theses on a related topic (having the same keywords):
vyvolane naklady, ekonometrie, complexity, experimentalni ekonomie, experimental economics, zaklad dane, tax morale, compliance costs and tax base, econometrics, danova moralka, danove priznani, tax compliance, mann-whitney u test, slozitost, dodrzovani danovych predpisu, tax returnKeywords ordered alphabetically | Keywords ordered by occurrence rate
101.
Nešpor, Zdeněk
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Information and Library Studies / Information and Library Studies
Bachelor's thesis defence: Informace, chaos a komplexita: Nové hranice informační vědy | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Information and Library Studies / Information and Library Studies
Bachelor's thesis defence: Informace, chaos a komplexita: Nové hranice informační vědy | Theses on a related topic
102.
Novotný, Michal
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Law and Legal Science / Law
Master's thesis defence: Umělé snižování základu daně | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Law and Legal Science / Law
Master's thesis defence: Umělé snižování základu daně | Theses on a related topic
103.
Novotný, Petr
Faculty: Faculty of Science
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Mathematics / Mathematics
Bachelor's thesis defence: Univerzální algebra a CSP | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Science
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Mathematics / Mathematics
Bachelor's thesis defence: Univerzální algebra a CSP | Theses on a related topic
104.
Petr, Miroslav
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Public Administration
Bachelor's thesis defence: Vybrané konstrukční prvky pravidelných nemovitostních daní | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Public Administration
Bachelor's thesis defence: Vybrané konstrukční prvky pravidelných nemovitostních daní | Theses on a related topic
105.
Petrová, Kateřina
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Law and Finance
Bachelor's thesis defence: Uplatňování paušálních výdajů při stanovení daně z příjmů fyzických osob | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Law and Finance
Bachelor's thesis defence: Uplatňování paušálních výdajů při stanovení daně z příjmů fyzických osob | Theses on a related topic
106.
Petrů, Hana
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2010, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / European Economy, Administrative and Cultural Studies
Bachelor's thesis defence: Správa daní ve vybraném evropském státě | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2010, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / European Economy, Administrative and Cultural Studies
Bachelor's thesis defence: Správa daní ve vybraném evropském státě | Theses on a related topic
107.
Pišín, Pavel
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2009, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Public Economics and Administration (combination/specialization: Public Economy and Administration)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Transferové daně jako příjem státního rozpočtu | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2009, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Public Economics and Administration (combination/specialization: Public Economy and Administration)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Transferové daně jako příjem státního rozpočtu | Theses on a related topic
108.
Pokorný, Patrik
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Finance and Accounting / Finance
Master's thesis defence: Daňová optimalizace daně z příjmů právnických osob u vybrané společnosti s ručením omezeným | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Finance and Accounting / Finance
Master's thesis defence: Daňová optimalizace daně z příjmů právnických osob u vybrané společnosti s ručením omezeným | Theses on a related topic
109.
Prager, Tomáš
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Public Policy / Public Administration (combination/specialization: General Public Administration)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Základ daně z nabytí nemovitých věcí | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Public Policy / Public Administration (combination/specialization: General Public Administration)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Základ daně z nabytí nemovitých věcí | Theses on a related topic
110.
Pruklová, Lenka
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Public Economics and Administration
Bachelor's thesis defence: Daňová problematika v ekonomických experimentech | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Public Economics and Administration
Bachelor's thesis defence: Daňová problematika v ekonomických experimentech | Theses on a related topic
111.
Pruklová, Lenka
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Public Economics and Administration
Master's thesis defence: Vliv délky podpory v nezaměstnanosti na chování účastníků na trhu práce | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Public Economics and Administration
Master's thesis defence: Vliv délky podpory v nezaměstnanosti na chování účastníků na trhu práce | Theses on a related topic
112.
Přeučilová, Věra
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2006, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Public Administration
Bachelor's thesis defence: Právní regulace spotřebních daní | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2006, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Public Administration
Bachelor's thesis defence: Právní regulace spotřebních daní | Theses on a related topic
113.
Raška, Vilém
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and International Relations / Economic Policy and International Relations
Master's thesis defence: New eurozone member countries – impact of euro adoption on the investment flows | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and International Relations / Economic Policy and International Relations
Master's thesis defence: New eurozone member countries – impact of euro adoption on the investment flows | Theses on a related topic
114.
Rogalewiczová, Romana maiden name: Juříčková
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2006, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Law and Legal Science / Law
Master's thesis defence: Právní úprava důchodových daní v Evropě | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2006, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Law and Legal Science / Law
Master's thesis defence: Právní úprava důchodových daní v Evropě | Theses on a related topic
115.
Schuppik, Sebastian
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Economic Policy
Bachelor's thesis defence: Sebevražednost a ekonomické faktory | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Economic Policy
Bachelor's thesis defence: Sebevražednost a ekonomické faktory | Theses on a related topic
116.
Slavíčková, Šárka
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Finance / Finance
Bachelor's thesis defence: Transformace výsledku hospodaření na základ daně z příjmů právnických a fyzických osob | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Finance / Finance
Bachelor's thesis defence: Transformace výsledku hospodaření na základ daně z příjmů právnických a fyzických osob | Theses on a related topic
117.
Smetanová, Markéta
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Law and Business
Bachelor's thesis defence: Daň z přidané hodnoty v obchodě mezi členskými státy EU | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Law and Business
Bachelor's thesis defence: Daň z přidané hodnoty v obchodě mezi členskými státy EU | Theses on a related topic
118.
Smisitel, Ondřej
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Finance and Accounting / Finance and Law
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zdanění příjmů ze závislé činnosti a z podnikání | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Finance and Accounting / Finance and Law
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zdanění příjmů ze závislé činnosti a z podnikání | Theses on a related topic
119.
Smištíková, Lucie maiden name: Procházková
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2023, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Finance / Finance
Master's thesis defence: Daňový systém se zaměřením na daň z příjmů fyzických osob | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2023, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Finance / Finance
Master's thesis defence: Daňový systém se zaměřením na daň z příjmů fyzických osob | Theses on a related topic
120.
Smrčková, Aneta
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Finance and Accounting / Finance
Master's thesis defence: Komparace daňových systémů ČR a USA | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Finance and Accounting / Finance
Master's thesis defence: Komparace daňových systémů ČR a USA | Theses on a related topic
121.
Sobotková, Veronika
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2010, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Public Economics
Bachelor's thesis defence: Loterie jako jedna z alternativ charitativní sbírky | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2010, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Public Economics
Bachelor's thesis defence: Loterie jako jedna z alternativ charitativní sbírky | Theses on a related topic
122.
Staněk, Ondřej
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2022, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Theory of Interactive Media / Culture Management, Theory of Interactive Media
Master's thesis defence: Teorie architektury a designu v digitálním věku: teoretická revize myšlení o digitálně zprostředkované architektuře a designu | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Arts
Year: 2022, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Theory of Interactive Media / Culture Management, Theory of Interactive Media
Master's thesis defence: Teorie architektury a designu v digitálním věku: teoretická revize myšlení o digitálně zprostředkované architektuře a designu | Theses on a related topic
123.
Stavělová, Lenka
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Law and Finance
Bachelor's thesis defence: Paušální výdaje | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Law and Finance
Bachelor's thesis defence: Paušální výdaje | Theses on a related topic
124.
Stehlík, Ondřej
Faculty: Faculty of Sports Studies
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Physical Education and Sport / Management in Sport
Master's thesis defence: Finanční náročnost přípravy mladých hráčů ve sportovních hrách | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Sports Studies
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Physical Education and Sport / Management in Sport
Master's thesis defence: Finanční náročnost přípravy mladých hráčů ve sportovních hrách | Theses on a related topic
125.
Stránský, Ondřej
Faculty: Faculty of Social Studies
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: International Relations / International Relations
Bachelor's thesis defence: Makroekonomické dopady klimatu: kritická přehledová studie | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Social Studies
Year: 2024, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: International Relations / International Relations
Bachelor's thesis defence: Makroekonomické dopady klimatu: kritická přehledová studie | Theses on a related topic
126.
Středová, Monika
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2012, studies terminated for failure to fulfill study requirements
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Public Administration
Bachelor's thesis defence: Vybrané konstrukční prvky pravidelných nemovitostních daní | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2012, studies terminated for failure to fulfill study requirements
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Public Administration
Bachelor's thesis defence: Vybrané konstrukční prvky pravidelných nemovitostních daní | Theses on a related topic
127.
Svobodová, Denisa
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Quantitative Methods in Economy / Mathematical and Statistical Methods in Economics
Master's thesis defence: Vliv vybraných faktorů na šikanu na středních školách | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Quantitative Methods in Economy / Mathematical and Statistical Methods in Economics
Master's thesis defence: Vliv vybraných faktorů na šikanu na středních školách | Theses on a related topic
128.
Szitás, Juraj
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Theory / Economics
Bachelor's thesis defence: Fiskální multiplikátor v České republice a na Slovensku | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2019, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Theory / Economics
Bachelor's thesis defence: Fiskální multiplikátor v České republice a na Slovensku | Theses on a related topic
129.
Šáchová, Věra
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Public Economics and Administration (combination/specialization: Public Economy and Administration)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Správa daní a poplatků - vyměřovací řízení | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2008, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Public Economics and Administration (combination/specialization: Public Economy and Administration)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Správa daní a poplatků - vyměřovací řízení | Theses on a related topic
130.
Šeneklová, Jitka
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2007, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Public Economics
Master's thesis defence: Veřejné statky: možnosti experimentálního ověření platnosti vybraných teorií | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2007, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / Public Economics
Master's thesis defence: Veřejné statky: možnosti experimentálního ověření platnosti vybraných teorií | Theses on a related topic
131.
Škerdová, Ingrida
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Quantitative Methods in Economy / Mathematical and Statistical Methods in Economics
Master's thesis defence: Determinanty hodnoty času v ČR | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Quantitative Methods in Economy / Mathematical and Statistical Methods in Economics
Master's thesis defence: Determinanty hodnoty času v ČR | Theses on a related topic
132.
Špalková, Pavlína
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Finance / Finance
Master's thesis defence: Optimalizace daně z příjmů právnických osob | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Finance / Finance
Master's thesis defence: Optimalizace daně z příjmů právnických osob | Theses on a related topic
133.
Šrámková, Veronika
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Law and Legal Science / Law
Master's thesis defence: Hodnotový základ daně z nemovitých věcí | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2017, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Law and Legal Science / Law
Master's thesis defence: Hodnotový základ daně z nemovitých věcí | Theses on a related topic
134.
Tihelková, Iva
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Finance and Accounting / Finance
Bachelor's thesis defence: Účetní a daňové aspekty časového rozlišení nákladů a výnosů | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2014, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Finance and Accounting / Finance
Bachelor's thesis defence: Účetní a daňové aspekty časového rozlišení nákladů a výnosů | Theses on a related topic
135.
Tichá, Markéta
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2021, studies terminated for failure to fulfill study requirements
Programme/field: Public Policy / Public Administration (combination/specialization: Financial Administration), Public Administration (combination/specialization: Financial Administration)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Dědění a darování z daňového pohledu. | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2021, studies terminated for failure to fulfill study requirements
Programme/field: Public Policy / Public Administration (combination/specialization: Financial Administration), Public Administration (combination/specialization: Financial Administration)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Dědění a darování z daňového pohledu. | Theses on a related topic
136.
Toman, Josef
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Law and Finance
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zdanění plošných staveb | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Legal Specializations / Law and Finance
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zdanění plošných staveb | Theses on a related topic
137.
Uhlířová, Dana
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Finance and Accounting / Finance
Master's thesis defence: Účetní a daňové pojetí dlouhodobého hmotného majetku ve firmě, vykazující v souladu s IFRS | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2012, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Finance and Accounting / Finance
Master's thesis defence: Účetní a daňové pojetí dlouhodobého hmotného majetku ve firmě, vykazující v souladu s IFRS | Theses on a related topic
138.
Velebová, Kateřina
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / European Economy, Administrative and Cultural Studies
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zdaňování všech právních forem podnikání | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2011, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Economic Policy and Administration / European Economy, Administrative and Cultural Studies
Bachelor's thesis defence: Zdaňování všech právních forem podnikání | Theses on a related topic
139.
Veselý, Kamil
Faculty: Faculty of Informatics
Year: 2012, studies terminated for failure to fulfill study requirements
Programme/field: Applied Informatics / Applied Informatics
Master's thesis defence: Analýza postupů řešení úlohy Tangram | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Informatics
Year: 2012, studies terminated for failure to fulfill study requirements
Programme/field: Applied Informatics / Applied Informatics
Master's thesis defence: Analýza postupů řešení úlohy Tangram | Theses on a related topic
140.
Vošvrdová, Denisa maiden name: Dreiseitelová
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Law and Legal Science / Law
Master's thesis defence: Porovnání zdanění příjmů fyzických osob z podnikání v ČR a na Slovensku | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2015, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Law and Legal Science / Law
Master's thesis defence: Porovnání zdanění příjmů fyzických osob z podnikání v ČR a na Slovensku | Theses on a related topic
141.
Vyšňovský, Filip
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Finance and Accounting / Finance
Master's thesis defence: Komparace daňového systému České republiky a Slovenské republiky se zaměřením na daň z příjmů | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Economics and Administration
Year: 2020, studies completed, degree conferred: Ing.
Programme/field: Finance and Accounting / Finance
Master's thesis defence: Komparace daňového systému České republiky a Slovenské republiky se zaměřením na daň z příjmů | Theses on a related topic
142.
Zábranská, Monika
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Law and Legal Science / Law
Master's thesis defence: Vliv obcí na regulaci daně z nemovitých věcí | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2016, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Law and Legal Science / Law
Master's thesis defence: Vliv obcí na regulaci daně z nemovitých věcí | Theses on a related topic
143.
Zeunerová, Miroslava
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Public Policy / Public Administration (combination/specialization: Financial Administration)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Daň z nabytí nemovitých věcí a ekonomicko-právní aspekty jejího zrušení | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2021, studies completed, degree conferred: Bc.
Programme/field: Public Policy / Public Administration (combination/specialization: Financial Administration)
Bachelor's thesis defence: Daň z nabytí nemovitých věcí a ekonomicko-právní aspekty jejího zrušení | Theses on a related topic
144.
Ždánská, Veronika
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Law and Legal Science / Law
Master's thesis defence: Základ daně z nabytí nemovitých věcí | Theses on a related topic
Faculty: Faculty of Law
Year: 2018, studies completed, degree conferred: Mgr.
Programme/field: Law and Legal Science / Law
Master's thesis defence: Základ daně z nabytí nemovitých věcí | Theses on a related topic