D:\FRONTPAGE THEMES\NATURE\ANABNR2.PNG Kant and Hegel: A comparative study on the notion of Science and Integral understanding of Reality with special Reference to the Critique of Pure Reason and The Phenomenology of Spirit Experts 4 Asia - Erasmus Mundus Program Department of Philosophy, University of Masaryk Czech Republic 20th of November 2014 Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF n nMALLIKA RAJARATNAM nDEPT OF PHILOSOPHY & PSYCHOLOGY nUNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA n Exchange –Experts 4 Asia Program nNovember 3rd to December 2nd 2014 n n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Sections of this Presentation nObjectives of the Research nMethodology nCritique of Pure Reason [1781/1787/ ] nPhenomenology of Spirit [ 1807] n n Prefaces of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason and Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit nCritique of Metaphysics and Metaphysics as Real Science nHegel’s Notion of Scientific Cognition and Absolute Knowing and Asolute Idealism nConclusion n n n n n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Objectives of the Research nTo explore the message and methodology of Immanuel Kant his notion of Science[1724 -1804],Uprooting misjudgments of Critique of Pure Reason [1781, 1787] nTo compare Kant’s notion of Metaphysics as Science with Hegel’s Philosophical Intention nExploring Kant’s meaning of integral method as way to Phenomenology nExploring Kantian influence on Hegel nExploring Hegel’s Original Contribution n n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Methodology nIntegral Phenomenological Hermeneutic Methodology is being used nPrimary sources are analyzed with special reference to the Critique of Pure Reason and Prolegomena and Phenomenology of Spirit nCritical evaluation of secondary sources on Immanuel Kant and Hegel nExploring the Kantian roots in Hegel’s Philosophy / Kant’s Philosophical Intention and exploring Hegel’s original contribution n n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Organizační diagram Kant’s major critical writings Critical Period of Kant Integral Approach Critique of Reason & his Writings Critique of Pure Reason 1781,1787 Critique of Metaphysics Prolegomena-1783 Critique of Practical Reason 1788 Critique of Theoretical Reason Critique of Judgment 1790, 1793 Critique of Theoretical Aesthetics Theory and Practice Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Immanuel Kant’s other writings nThe Foundations of Metaphysical Morals nProlegomena [1783] nMetaphysical Foundations of Natural Sciences[1786] nWhat is Enlightenment nMetaphysics Morals nPragmatic point of Anthropology n Towards Perpetual Peace nUniversal History n n n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Message and Methodology of First Critique - The Critique of pure Reason n nExploring the Nature of Reason and different levels of Reason nSelf - Understanding of Reason and Reflexivity nReconciliation of Empiricism and Rationalism nThe Transcendental Dialectics/Antinomies nIntegral Methodology n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Kant’s Philosophical Structure and questions on Sciences nHow is Mathematics Possible? nHow is Natural Science Possible? nHow is Metaphysics as Possible in General? nHow is Metaphysics will come forth as Real Science? Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Kant’s Integral Understanding of Reality nImmanuel Kant refuted the conceptual Metaphysics as Idealism and groundless pretension nKant’s critical Idealism and Transcendental Idealism Transcends narrow Rationalism nKant’s Dialectics as Critique of Theoretical metaphysics and giving the suggestive meaning for integral complete understanding. n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Problems of Metaphysics in General- Conflicts of Conceptual Metaphysics. nConceptual metaphysics as Illusion nDogmatic metaphysics as pseudo science and pretention n Traditional metaphysics refuted in dialectics nMetaphysics cannot be known as so called science nMetaphysics will come forth as Real Science n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Kant’s Prolegomena and Metaphysics and Real Science nExploring metaphysics as Real Science/ Science of Sciences/ Science of Being nKant’s new meaning of Metaphysics nKant as the base for Analytic Philosophy and Continental Philosophy nKantian Integral Approach should be understood in its proper sense n n n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Kantian Message and Methodology nKant’s First Critique and Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics as Real Science nMethodological Study for his later wrings on Science and Ethics nMetaphysical Foundations of Natural Sciences [1786]and n Metaphysical Morals [1789] nKantian integral Approach and criticism nNew Methodology for Critical and Creative innovations in Social Sciences and Sciences n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Transcendental Dialectics- The Antinomy of Pure Reason nThe Antinomies of Pure reason Plays an important role in Kant’s Critical Philosophy and its Methodology. nIt overturns the whole of Western Logic, Metaphysics and the Epistemology .. nKant’s intention in this Dialectical arguments leads to a new innovations in Epistemology, Logic and Metaphysics n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Kant’s Influence on Hegel nKant tries to introduce an integral Methodology for Philosophy , Ethics and Sciences – through metaphysics as Real Science – overturns the Traditional Approach. nHegel’ s Philosophy in some sense Completes Kant’s Critical Project –Philosophy as whole.. Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Kant’ s Influence on Hegel nThe transcendental dialectics Introduces the new form of arguments which can lead to the suggestive and hermeneutic message of integral understanding of Reality. nIn my view, Hegel’s Preface to the Phenomenology of Spirit has issues to complete Kant’ s Philosophical Revolution. n n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Hegel’s Preface on Scientific Cognition n‘The Element of True is the Notion and its true Shape is Scientific System’ n‘The state of spiritual culture at the present time’ n‘The principle of Science is not the completion of Science’ : objections to formalism.’ n n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Preface-on Scientific Cognition nThe Absolute is Subject nThe element of Knowledge nThe elevation of consciousness into that element of Phenomenology of Spirit nThe Transformation of Picture Thoughts nAnd these into notions nHistorical and Mathematical Truth n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Preface –on Scientific Cognition nThe Nature of Philosophical Truth/Method nObjections of to schematizing Formalism nRequirement of study of Philosophy nPhilosophizing by the light of Nature nSound commonsense nInspiration of genius and conclusion of Preface nHegel spoke of spiritual alienation of culture n n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF ‘Hegel reveal himself as disciple of Kantian Philosophy’ nIn a letter to Schelling April 1795 [a disciple of quoted by Ludwig Siep - 2014] n‘Hegel reveals himself to be Kantian Philosophy- particularly the religious and moral Philosophy –who fully expects the continued development of Kant’s thought to lead a radical reversal [a revolution] in religious and political relations in Germany’ Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Kant’s Critique of dogmatic metaphysics and of dogmatic epistemology and of logic nKant’s Copernican revolution in philosophy and epistemology not only the reconciliation of so- called Rationalism and Empiricism but the Self Understanding or the Reflexive Understanding of Reality. nKant’s immense contribution towards innovative metaphysical, epistemological and logical advancement is influential in Hegel, for his new developments in these fields. Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Hegel’s Philosophy and his writings nHegel [1770-1831] is one of the important and most influential philosophers of the Western Philosoiphy nPhenomenology of Spirit [ 1807] is the base book for entire philosophical system. n‘In the rightfully famous preface , Hegel lays out the principles that define the rest of his work and so much Philosophy to Follow.’ Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Hegel’s other writings nThe Science of Logic [1812- 16] nEncyclopedia of the Philosophical sciences [1817] nPhilosophy of Nature [1817] nLectures on Aesthetics [1817] nPhilosophy of Right [1820] nLater Versions on Subjective Spirit [ 1830] n Objective Spirit [1830]Shorter Logic 1830 Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Hegel’s continuation of Kant n Establishing Philosophy as Whole n Philosophy as Real Science/Scientific Cognition nGoing Beyond the Dogmatic Metaphysics nConsciousness and Self-Consciousness nTaking Logic Beyond Pure Reason.. nExplaining the doctrine of Notion Taking Dialectics to The Higher Reason n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Kant’s all three Critiques Contribute to Hegel’s Philosophy nHegel’s Sections on Ethical order Morality nHave the Kantian influence but Hegel interprets in his own way to suit entire conception of Philosophy nThe notion of Subjective Universality in Kant’s Third Critique is deals with Judgment and inter-subjectivity nHegel’s Philosophy integrates all these issues in the Self- Conscious level Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Original Contribution Hegel, Hegel Transcends Kant and the Hegel’s Critique on Kant nWhat is New in Hegel.. in the Phenomenology? What is Hegel’s Critique on Kant? nThough in Phenomenology especially in the preface.. There are direct continuation of Kant e.g. ‘ The Principles of Science is not the Completion of Science’ Objections for formalism’ Exactly explores Kant’s Introduction on ‘In all theoretical Sciences A priori Synthetic Principles are contained as Principles’. n n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Hegel goes beyond Kant to explore Reason in a different level n‘Human reason has this peculiar fate that in one species of its knowledge it is burdened by questions which, as pre-scribed by the very nature of reason itself, it is not able to ignore, but which, as transcending all its powers, it is also not able to answer.” Kant’s Preface to the First Edition[CPR] n Hegel goes beyond taking Reason in Higher level n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Anti thesis of Individual nIndividual Universal and negative Unity nTranquil Unity nFor Tranquil Unity ,Movement is the Other nThe Tranquil Unity is the Other.. nHegel makes the original contribution in these Notions nThe Individual and Universal Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Hegel’s view on Kant’s Unity of Apperception nHegel Says “ The Unity of Apperception is also equally a thing.. Thing in itself, It still remains a principle the same, i.e. extraneous to that Unity”- Section 238 n “This Idealism is involved in this contradiction because it asserts the abstract notion to be True..”- This Hegel’s version of Kant is his understanding of Kant. Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Hegel’s views on Notion nNotion displays itself in the form of thing hood and sensuous being for Hegel. n“Notion of Sea does not imply the structure of Fish, or the notion of Air does not imply the structure of Birds” nThe organic substance as the inner , is the simple, Unitary soul, the Pure Notion of End or the Universal Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Actualization of rational thought and its own activity nIndividuality takes itself to be real and for itself nReason as Law giver n Reason as testing Laws n“ Kant’s second Critique says ‘Act in such a way the maxim of your action can be willed as universal law of Humanity’ n‘Starry heaven and moral laws’ Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF For Hegel- Absolute is Subject nConsciousness , Self- Consciousness and Reason are the issues reveal Hegel’s important original Contributions nObserves organic and Inorganic and he speaks of teleology of inner and outer and nThe observation of Self – Consciousness its relation to external actuality and immediate actuality. Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF For Hegel Reason is Spirit n“ Reason Spirit when its Certainty of Being all reality has been raised to Truth, and it is conscious of itself as its own world, and of the world as itself. The Coming- to- be spirit was indicated in the immediately preceding movement in which the object of consciousness, the Pure category, rose to be the Notion of Reason” 438 Phenomenology of Spirit Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Real is Reason and Reason is Real. Objectivity of Reason nHegel used the Dialectical Method beyond the Epistemological level and bringing into reality for subjectivity and objectivity n This Higher form of Dialectics deals with Spirituality, Culture, History Art , Religion and Philosophy.. nPhilosophical understanding is the Absolute knowing in the Dialectics as Higher Form of Reason Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Difference between Kant and Hegel nKant’s suggested Metaphysics as Science but Hegel spoke about the Totality of Reality as Science nKant showed the Dialectics to refute so – called reason and Pure Reason, Hegel used the Dialectics for the Higher Reason nReason is Spiritual For Hegel , the Reason and Dialectics integral form to express the Totality of objective and subjective world n Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Conclusion n Though Kant’s Influence is significant on Hegel’s Phenomenology Hegel’s original contribution towards the notion of Reason and Dialectics is Remarkable. n Hegel’s contribution towards Dialectics , Nature of Higher Reason, Culture, History , Religion, Spirituality, Art and Aesthetics influence the subsequent Philosophers and the Philosophical movements of he West. Stationery C:\Wendy\anabnr2.GIF Selected Bibliography nImmanuel Kant [1781, 1787] n Critique of Pure Reason, Td by Norman Kemp Smith [1964] Mcmillan and co Ltd London n______________ [1783] n Prolegomena To Any Future Metaphysics, Td by Lewis White n Beck[1950], Liberal Arts Press, USA n______________[1786] n Metaphysical Foundation Of Natural Science Td by Ernest Belfort Bax [1891]George Bell and Sons, London n n G.W.F Hegel Phenomenology of Spirit td by A.V Miller, Oxford University Press Oxford. 1977 n nEd, Paul Guyer [1994] n The Cambridge Companion to Kant, n