AJ12071 Úvod do sémantiky

Filozofická fakulta
jaro 2000
Rozsah
0/2/0. 3 kr. Ukončení: zk.
Vyučující
doc. PhDr. Naděžda Kudrnáčová, CSc. (přednášející)
PhDr. Milan Růžička (přednášející)
Garance
Ing. Mgr. Jiří Rambousek, Ph.D.
Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky – Filozofická fakulta
Kontaktní osoba: Mgr. Michaela Hrazdílková
Omezení zápisu do předmětu
Předmět je nabízen i studentům mimo mateřské obory.
Předmět si smí zapsat nejvýše 15 stud.
Momentální stav registrace a zápisu: zapsáno: 0/15, pouze zareg.: 0/15, pouze zareg. s předností (mateřské obory): 0/15
Mateřské obory/plány
Osnova
  • Semantics (as the study of meaning) is central to the study of communication. This option offers an introduction to some of the basic concepts of semantics. The seminar is aimed at encouraging an active approach of students toward the subject matter. The range of the topics dealt with will cover: SENTENCE MEANING - atomic and compound propositions, semantic roles, locution and illocution, sentence relations, context, truth-based semantics, semantics versus pragmatics, semantics and grammar. WORD MEANING:dictionary entry, mental image, referential meaning, componential meaning, lexical relations, lexical ambiguity, polysemy. SENTENCE MEANING: - atomic and compound propositions - semantic roles - locution and illocution - sentence relations: (a) paraphrases (b) entailment (c) presupposition (d) contradiction - context - truth-based semantics - semantics versus pragmatics - semantics and grammar. WORD MEANING - dictionary entry - mental image - referential meaning (intension, extension) - componential meaning - lexical relations (a) synonymy (b) antonymy : gradable, complementary, relational - lexical ambiguity, polysemy. MODELS OF MEANING - extensional model of meaning - intensional model of meaning - 'hyperintensional' model of meaning - dynamic model of meaning
Literatura
  • LYONS, John. Linguistic semantics : an introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, xvi, 376. ISBN 0521438772. info
  • PALMER, F. R. Semantics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981, vi, 221. ISBN 0521283760. info
  • LEECH, Geoffrey. Semantics :the study of meaning. 2nd ed. London: Penguin Books, 1981, xii, 383 s. ISBN 0-14-013487-5. info
  • LAKOFF, George a Mark JOHNSON. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980, xiii, 242. ISBN 0-226-46800-3. info
  • DIJK, Teun Adrianus van. Text and context : explorations in the semantics and pragmatics of discourse. London: Longman, 1977, xvii, 261. ISBN 0582291054. info
  • LYONS, John. Introduction to theoretical linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968, x, 519. ISBN 0521095107. info
Metody hodnocení
Seminar; Assessment: a written test at the end of the course and/or oral contribution during the seminar.
Vyučovací jazyk
Angličtina
Informace učitele
SEMANTICS . Definition . Here are two senses for semantics: a. Semantics is, generally defined, the study of meaning of linguistic expressions. b. Semantics is, more narrowly defined, the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions minus the effect that pragmatic factors, such as the following, have on the meaning of language in use: Features of the context Conventions of language use The goals of the speaker The "narrow" semantics analyzes the abstract meaning of expressions in themselves and outside the context. If the expressions studied are single words (or multi-word naming units), we speak about their meanings as sememes. If we concentrate on meanings of clauses, we can call them propositions. As it is legitimate to regard words (lexemes) as the primary carrier of meaning in language, semantics can be understood as lexical semantics. If we, on the other hand, take the meaning of a sentence as more basic than that of words, we can do propositional semantics. A sentence may express one or more propositions or imply some (presuppositions). Lexical and propositional approaches need not exclude each other. Propositions can be seen as compositionally built up from the meanings of words, and, vice versa, the meaning of some words can be defined as lexicalization of propositional meanings (teacher = a person who teaches someone). REFERENCE: When we investigate the relations between linguistic expressions and extralinguistic things and events, we study referential properties of language. For instance, the word tree has a set of potential referents which are objects in some world. Such a set is called denotation (generic reference). The relation towards a specific or unique object designated by some words under certain conditions is specific reference (or just reference ). The semantic job of some words in natural language (pronouns, determiners) is just to signal whether the referent is identified or identifiable. These devices belong to the devices of discourse deixis. In some languages, grammar can regulate cases where the more than one expressions have the same referent : the so called grammatical (not textual) or anaphoric coreference. The meanings of propositions in terms of their correspondence with the world are studied in terms of truth conditions. Truth conditions describe what must be assumed to be the case if a given proposition is to be assigned the value TRUE. SENSE When we stay "inside language" and investigate relations among expressions of one particular language, we discover lexical relations such as synonymy, antonymy , hyponymy. Each lexeme hold a special place in the system of lexis (the paradigmatic arrangement of words connected by various interrelations). Linguists investigating how lexical fields are structured have used tools such as componential analysis, theory of lexical field etc. Analogically, it is possible to describe the relations between the meanings of sentences in terms of paraphrase, incompatibility, entailment. Polysemy of words in language means that it is very important to find out what are the semantic differences between the polysemeous meanings of a linguistic expression. This can be done by analysing the contexts in which different readings appear and the values it may take in these contexts. These polysemeous meanings as well as any other meanings, including grammatical relations, may be described with the help of a Natural Semantic Metalanguage consisting of semantic primitives = basic expressions which are expected to be universally represented in the lexicon of all languages.
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Předmět je vyučován každý semestr.
Výuka probíhá každý týden.
Předmět je zařazen také v obdobích podzim 1999, podzim 2000, jaro 2001, podzim 2001, jaro 2004, jaro 2005, podzim 2005, podzim 2006, podzim 2007, podzim 2008, podzim 2009, podzim 2010, podzim 2011, podzim 2012, podzim 2013, podzim 2014, podzim 2015, podzim 2016, podzim 2017, podzim 2018, podzim 2019, podzim 2020.