Алгоритм поиска: Поиск в корпусе - Лексико-грамматический поиск - Грамматические признаки - Часть речи - (выбрать из списка) - ОК. На скриншоте приведены результаты поиска предикативов.
1.2 Parts of speech
As mentioned above, the word is the object of exploring linguistic morphology. However, we must always remember that the word is a multifaceted unit, the word is not only a form (formal, grammatical meaning) but also a lexical meaning. In most languages lexical meanings are expressed using certain grammatical types, e.g. the words яблоко and бег have completely different lexical meanings, the word яблоко means the subject, the word бег denotes the process, and is derived from the verb бегать. However, both words have common formal features, we can specify the gender, the number, the case, the both words are inanimate nouns, both words can be supplemented with the attribute expressed by an adjective, e.g.: большое яблоко, быстрый бег. On the other hand, in Russian there are words яблочный and бегать, which are associated with the words яблоко and бег lexical (semantically), but belong to other grammatical types than the words яблоко and бег. Such types are called parts of speech. The parts of speech are also traditionally the subject of exploring linguistic morphology.
In other words, parts of speech are grammatical classes of words and word forms unified on the basis of general meaning, which is not associated with the lexical or grammatical meaning of all the words and word forms of a given class, and also unified on the basis of the grammatical (morphological) categories that are characteristic of the whole given class of words and word forms. Thus, the most general meanings for parts of speech are the subject and the attribute that is presented as processual (action or state) and non-procedural (quality or property), e.g. all words and word forms that are belonging to the part of speech nouns call objects substance - concrete objects, facts, events, phenomena, properties, concepts etc. (стол, землетрясение, война, непогода, туман, нежность, армия).
Each part of speech has its own grammatical categories, for example the meaning of the noun is expressed by grammatical categories of the gender (кот, кошка, окно), the number (дом – дома, кот – коты, окно – окна, школа – школы) and the case (кот, кота, коту...), the meaning of the proces which is typical for the verb is expressed using grammatical categories of verb aspect (делать - сделать), verb voice (напишу - был / будет написана), verb mood (я напишу – я бы написал – напиши/напишите), tense (пишу - писал - буду писать) and the person (я пишу, ты пишешь, он пишет).
The first classification of the Russian parts of speech was introduced in the work of Rossiyskaya grammatika, written by Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov (published in 1755). M. V. Lomonosov defines in Russian language 8 parts of speech and divides them into main (autosemantic words) – names, verbs and syntactic words (auxiliary) - prepositions, conjuctions, pronouns, adverbs, interjection, participles. Later classifications of parts of speech in Russian were based on this Lomonosov classification.
In 1831, the Russkaya grammatika was published by Aleksandr Khristoforovich Vostokov. The part of speech, which was named by Lomonosov as names, A. Vostokov subdivided into nouns and adjectives, but the participle in Vostokov's classification is considered to be adjective subtype (so-called adjective active), also in the adjectives were numerals.
In 1858, Opyt istoricheskoy grammatiki russkogo yazyka was published by Fyodor Ivanovich Buslaev, in which the classification of parts of speech is given in the second part, which is devoted to syntax. Just like his predecessors, F. Buslaev divides the parts of speech into autosemantic words and syntactic words. He related to autosemantic parts of speech nouns, adjectives and verbs (except for the link verb быть, which he called the syntactic word). He divided syntactic parts of speech into 5 classes: pronouns, numerals, prepositions, conjuctions and adverbs. Newly, F. Buslajev describes the classification of adverbs: a) an adverb derived from autosemantic words such as вновь, наискось, b) adverbs derived from syntactic words, e.g.: здесь, там, дважды. Fellows of Buslaev's speech interjections have a special status because they do not express the logical relationships or the variety of speech objects but the feelings of the speaker.
The next stage in the development of the classification of parts of speech in Russian was the work of Aleksandr Afanasievich Potebnya Iz zapisok po russkoy grammatike (1874). A. Potebnya regarded syntax as the main part of Russian grammar and was the founder of the psychological direction in grammar. A. Potebnya divided all the words into substantial (lexical) and formal, substantial were called by Potebnya autosemantic word types (nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs), formal were called syntactic word types (conjuctions, prepositions, particles and auxiliary verbs). The infinitive and the participles were considered by A. Potebnya as transient parts of speech, pronouns were regarded as a category of pointers that combine the signs of lexical and formal words.
At the beginning of the 20th century, other linguistic works were published, which included the classification of parts of speech in Russian, such as Sravnitelnoye yazykovedeniye by Filip Fyodorovich Fortunatov (1901-1902), Sintaksis russkogo yazyka by Aleksey Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov (1913), Russkiy sintaksis v nauchnom osveshhenii by Aleksander Matveyevich Peshkovsky (1914). Thus, A. Shakhmatov wrote about 14 parts of speech in Russian: autosemantic word types (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs), non-autosemantic word types (numerals, pronouns nouns, pronouns adjectives, pronouns adverbs), syntactic word types (prepositions, conjuctions, particles, prefixes and copula), interjections. The benefit of this Shakhmatov classification is that the particles were recognized as a separate part of speech in Russian.
Another important classification of the Russian parts of speech is the classification of Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba (Щерба 1974), which for the first time set out predicative adverbs (or words of the category of the state, predicatives), e.g.: жаль, пора, готов, должен. However, the most well-known and widely used (especially in textbooks for secondary schools) is the structural-semantic classification of parts of speech, written by Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov (Виноградов, online). According to this classification, all Russian words are divided into word types (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, adverbs, words of the state / predicatives and verbs), speech particles (particles, prepositions, conjuctions), modal words and interjections.
The Academic Version of Russian Grammar (Русская грамматика 1980) and Short Russian Grammar (Краткая русская грамматика 2002) preserve this traditional classification and include in Russian the following parts of speech: nouns, pronouns-nouns, adjectives, numerals, adverbs, verbs (participles and adverbial participles are considered to be attributive forms of the verb), prepositions, particles, conjuctions, connective expressions, interjections.
In the course, we will follow the so-called lexical-grammatical approach to the classification of the parts of speech in Russian. The founder of this approach can be regarded V. V. Vinogradov, who refers parts of speech as lexical-grammatical classes of words, which:
- have the same/similar grammatical meaning (substance, action, attribute, etc.)
- have the same/similar grammatical categories that are expressed using the endings (e.g. category of gender, number, case), in other words - have common morphological features,
- have the same/similar syntactic function (i.e. they may be subject, predicate, attribute etc. in the sentence).
In contemporary Russian language it is traditionally spoken of 10 parts of speech:
- nouns - человек, собака, солнце, компьютер;
- adjectives - cиний, новый, дядин, лисий;
- pronouns - он, мой, который, кто-то;
- numerals - один, пятый, четверо;
- verbs - писать, улыбаться, говорить, крикнуть;
- adverbs - хорошо, по-разному, чертовски;
- prepositions - в, от, благодаря, из-за, в течение;
- conjunctions - а, однако, что, потому что;
- particles - же, точно, ли;
- interjection - ах, батюшки, фу.
Furthermore, taking into account the specific morphological categories and syntactic functions, we can speak of the predicates (words of the state category - весело, тепло), the adverbial participles that are derivated by the verbs, but they do not have verb grammatical categories and are non-conjugated (говоря, читая, улыбаясь, написав) and the participles (делающий, сделавший, переводимый, открытый).
All parts of speech in Russian can be divided into full meaning (autosemantic) words and syntactic words, declinable, conjugated and indeclinable, non-conjugated words.
Autosemantic words are nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, verbs, adverbs (in more detailed classification also predicatives, adverbial participles and participles), syntactic words are prepositions, conjuctions, particles, interjections. Declinable, conjugated parts of speech are nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, verbs (with more detailed classification, also participles), indeclinable, non-conjugated parts of speech are adverbs, prepositions, conjuctions, particles, interjections (with more detailed classification adverbial participles and predicatives.
Finally, we will link to a short video on how important it is to have an overview of the Russian parts of speech: Ералаш №288: Урок русского языка.
Задания
1*
Сколько частей речи есть в Вашем родном языке? Выпишите их. Сравните части речи в русском языке с частями речи в Вашем родном языке: а) названия, б) употребляемость/неупотребляемость, в) количество.
2*
Какими источниками Вы пользовались для того, чтобы ответить на первый вопрос?
3*
Работайте с "Краткой русской грамматикой" (Краткая русская грамматика 2002): сколько частей речи и какие рассматриваются в этой грамматике? Выпишите эти части речи с примерами.
4*
Работайте с "Русской корпусной грамматикой" (http://rusgram.ru). Какие части речи выделяются в рамках корпусного описания грамматики русского языка? Найдите примеры этих частей речи в Национальном корпусе русского языка (НКРЯ) (http://ruscorpora.ru).
5*
Разделите части речи русского языка на самостоятельные и служебные. Своё деление обоснуйте. В случае необходимости приведите примеры, подтверждающие Вашу точку зрения.
6*
Разделите части речи русского языка на изменяемые и неизменяемые. Своё деление обоснуйте. В случае необходимости приведите примеры, подтверждающие Вашу точку зрения.