Syllabus – Biochemistry
1) Biochemistry: an introduction
1.1) Scope of biochemistry: central principles, cellular and chemical foundations (functional groups, reactions), physical foundations
1.2) Living cells (structure of eukaryotic cell)
1.3) Water: the medium of life (interactions, pH, pKa, buffers, blood, liver and urine buffering systems, osmosis, dialysis)
2) Structure and function of proteins
2.1) Amino acids (structure, pKa, pI, properties, covalent modifications)
2.2) Peptides (peptide bound, disulfide bridge, glutathione, insulin, antibiotics, neurotransmiters)
2.3) Protein structure (secondary, tertiary, conformation, structure and function)
2.4) Structure and function of hemoglobin and myoglobin
3) Enzymes
3.1) Properties of Enzymes (cofactors, coenzymes, vitamins)
3.2) Classification of Enzymes (examples of each class)
3.3) Catalysis (enzyme reaction, active site, specificity) and Enzyme regulation
3.4) Kinetics of enzyme reactions
4) Membrane transport
4.1) Biomembranes - composition and function
4.2) Membrane transports
5) Carbohydrates and metabolism of carbohydrate
5.1) Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides
5.2) Polysaccharides (structure and function)
5.3) Metabolism, homeostasis, catabolism, anabolism, nutrient pool, energy metabolism
5.4) Glycolysis and Glyconeogenesis
5.5) Glycogen metabolism
6) Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids
6.1) Overview of metabolism of proteins
6.2) Elimination of alfa-amino nitrogen
6.3) Detoxification of Ammonia
6.4) Catabolism and Anabolism of Amino Acids (Ala, Arg, Ser, Gly, Thr, Asp, Glu, His, Phe, Tyr, Cys)
8) Aerobic metabolism
8.1) Tricarboxy Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle (overview, fuels, mitochondrion, enzymes and coenzymes, 8 steps of CC, regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, control of CC, biosynthesis aspects of CC)
8.2) Respiratory chain (redox potential, sequence of electron carriers)
8.3) Oxidative phosphorylation (enzymes, prosthetic groups, localization in mitochondria, mechanism ATP synthesis)
8.4) Oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, their formation, antioxidant enzymes systems, antioxidant molecules)
7) Lipids
7.1) Lipids classes (definition, biological) and metabolism
7.2) Synthesis and degradation of Fatty acids
7.3) Lipid synthesis. Peroxidation and Eicosanoids.
7.4) Biotransformation and xenobiotics
9) Nucleic acids and their metabolism
9.1) Structure of components, role of nucleotides, biosynthesis (replication, transcription and proteosynthesis
9.2) Nucleic acids metabolism (biosynthesis and degradation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides)
10) Integration of metabolism and cell signaling
5) Carbohydrates and metabolism of carbohydrate 5.1) Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides 5.2) Polysaccharides (structure and function) 5.3) Metabolism, homeostasis, catabolism, anabolism, nutrient pool, energy metabolism 5.4) Glycolysis and Glyconeogenesis 5.5) Glycogen metabolism
6) Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids 6.1) Overview of metabolism of proteins 6.2) Elimination of alfa-amino nitrogen 6.3) Detoxification of Ammonia 6.4) Catabolism and Anabolism of Amino Acids (Ala, Arg, Ser, Gly, Thr, Asp, Glu, His, Phe, Tyr, Cys)
8.2) Respiratory chain (redox potential, sequence of electron carriers) 8.3) Oxidative phosphorylation (enzymes, prosthetic groups, localization in mitochondria, mechanism ATP synthesis) 8.4) Oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, their formation, antioxidant enzymes systems, antioxidant molecules)
7) Lipids 7.1) Lipids classes (definition, biological) and metabolism 7.2) Synthesis and degradation of Fatty acids 7.3) Lipid synthesis. Peroxidation and Eicosanoids.