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@proceedings{871211, author = {Švestková, Sabina}, booktitle = {CEVJ}, keywords = {Edema of lower limbs;pathophysiology;differential diagnosis}, title = {Edema of lower limbs:pathophysiology,differential diagnosis}, year = {2009} }
TY - CONF ID - 871211 AU - Švestková, Sabina PY - 2009 TI - Edema of lower limbs:pathophysiology,differential diagnosis KW - Edema of lower limbs;pathophysiology;differential diagnosis N2 - Edema of lower limbs can be a symptom of several pathological states commonly encountered in everyday clinical practice. Edema is usually characterised as an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, which may reach a volume of several litres. Edema is not a disease, it is always a symptom. Edemas can be divided according to several parameters into temporary and permanent, generalised and localised, congenital and acquired, acute and chronic, and based on symmetry into bilateral or unilateral. The caused of lower extremity edema include the increase of venous pressure (CVD, chronic venous disease), thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis, external pressure on the venous system or rightside cardiac failure. Static edema may also occur (decreased efficiency of the muscle pump against the gravity). In cases of decreased plasma oncotic pressure the cause usualy lies in hypoalbuminemia under 40 g/l (renal or hepatic disorders, portal hypertension, malabsorption, malnutrition, burns, major suppuration). Since the total plasma oncotic pressure is partly determined also by the amount of hemoglobin, patients with one of many types of anemia have also an increased risk of lower extremity edema. Other causes of edema include increased capillary permeability (e.g. in diabetic nephropathy, extreme vasodilatation caused by inflammation or allergy), longterm exposure to sun, sauna, pharmacotherapy (calcium channel blockers, estrogens, corticosteroids, NSAID [nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs] or thyreostatic agents). From the endocrinal causes of edema we should mention thyroid hypofunction characterised as myxedema (accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the subcutaneous tissue) or hyperaldosteronism due to adenoma or adrenocortical hyperplasia. The most common edema of lower limbs in dermatology practice:1. chronic venous insufficiency, superficial thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis, 2. post-thrombotic syndrome, 3. lymphedema, 4. lipedema, 4. erysipelas. Edema due to venous insufficiency (so called phlebedema) can be symmetrical or assymetrical, there may be phlebectatic veins (corona phlebectatica), varicose veins, hemosiderin hyperpigmentation, stasis dermatitis, white atrophy, lipodermatosclerosis or venous ulcers. The condition typically worsens with long standing and improves with elevation of the lower extremities. Phlebedema can vary in intensity and is usually soft. The skin may be warmer and in an orthostatic position even cyanotic. When edema becomes chronic, the skin may grow thicker and phlebolymphedema develops. ER -
ŠVESTKOVÁ, Sabina. Edema of lower limbs:pathophysiology,differential diagnosis. In \textit{CEVJ}. 2009.
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