Nation states are no longer the only actors on the international stage, let alone the only actors exercising monopoly on conducting foreign policy. The phenomenon of constituent governments developing international relations, often called paradiplomacy, has been most prevalent in Western liberal democracies. In the last few years, sub-state actors have not only broadened the scope of their diplomatic activities, but also increased the intensity. Consequently, the ability of ministries of foreign affairs to formulate and implement policies has gradually become a subject to negotiation in multilateral fora. By way of a comparative analysis, the main objective of the research is to find parallels in foreign policies of two politically active sub-units: Quebec and Wallonia. Influence of federalism and the francophone character of both units have served as the main determinants for choosing Quebec and Wallonia for a comparison. The main research questions are as follows: (1) Which of the two constitutional settings and institutional arrangements, those of Quebec or those of Wallonia, are more favorable to paradiplomacy? (2) What relationships do Quebec and Wallonia have with their central governments? (3) What are the Quebec’s and Wallonia’s main policy objectives? (4) How politically active are Quebec and Wallonia on the international stage? Preliminary bibliography Bursens, P., Massart-Piérard. F. (2009). Kingdom of Belgium. In H. Michelmann (Eds.), Foreign relations in federal countries: A global dialogue on federalism (pp. 91-114). Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Criekemans, D. (2010). Foreign policy and diplomacy of the Belgian regions: Flanders and Wallonia. The Hague, Netherlands: Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. Retrieved from http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2010/20100300_cdsp_discussion_paper_in_diplomacy_criekemans.pdf Gagnon, A., Karmis, D. (2001). Federalism, federation and collective identities in Canada and Belgium: Different routes, similar fragmentation. In A. Gagnon, J. Tully (Eds.), Multinational democracies (pp. 137-176). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Gouvernement du Québec. (2011). Portail du Québec. Retrieved from http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/?lang=en Gouvernment du Wallonie. (2011). Portail de la Wallonie. Retrieved from http://www.wallonie.be/fr/index.html Lecours, A. (2010). Canadian federalism and foreign relations: Quebec and Alberta. In F. Requejo (Eds.), Foreign policy of constituents units at the beginning of 21st century (pp. 29-43). Barcelona, Spain: Institut d Estudis Autonomics. Lecours, A. (2005). Belgium. In A. L. Griffiths (Eds.), Handbook of federal countries, 2005. Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen s University Press. Magone, J. M. (2006). Paradiplomacy revisited: The structure of opportunities of global governance and regional actors. Hull, UK: University of Hull.