·      Politics of European powers in 1914 leading to war; German attempts to shake the balance of powers; Balkan wars and tensions in the region before 1914; arm races; military men taking control in 1914; “inevitability” to enter the war in 1914; beliefs of the short war and public moods in 1914 Europe; new military technologies such as tanks and airplanes; war casualties and involvement of civil population; ethnic cleansing; Italy entering war in 1915; Verdun and Somme battles; Romania entering the war in 1916; unrestricted submarine warfare and USA entering the war in 1917; attempts of Emperor Karl I to reach peace; Russian revolutions in 1917; Brest-Litovsk Treaty 1918; collapse of Central Powers in 1918.

·      Collapse of European empires in 1918; main leaders of Paris conference 1919; League of Nations – idea and practice; problems with “self-determination”; ethnic claims and counter-claims in East Central Europe; Italy policies after 1918; Peace Treaty with Germany and public and political moods in post-war Germany.