Galaxy clusters contain vast amounts of hot ionized gas known as the intracluster medium (ICM). In relaxed cluster cores, the radiative cooling time of the ICM is shorter than the age of the cluster. However, the absence of line emission associated with cooling suggests heating mechanisms that offset the cooling, with feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) being the most likely source(1,2). Turbulence and bulk motions, such as the oscillating ('sloshing') motion of the core gas in the cluster potential well, have also been proposed as mechanisms for heat distribution from the outside of the core(3,4). Here we present X-ray spectroscopic observations of the Centaurus galaxy cluster with the X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission satellite. We find that the hot gas flows along the line of sight relative to the central galaxy, with velocities from 130kms(-1) to 310kms(-1) within about 30kpc of the centre. This indicates bulk flow consistent with core gas sloshing. Although the bulk flow may prevent excessive accumulation of cooled gas at the centre, it could distribute the heat injected by the AGN and bring in thermal energy from the surrounding ICM. The velocity dispersion of the gas is found to be only less than or similar to 120kms(-1) in the core, even within about 10kpc of the AGN. This suggests that the influence of the AGN on the surrounding ICM motion is limited in the cluster.
Návaznosti
GX21-13491X, projekt VaV
Název: Zkoumání žhavého vesmíru a porozumění kosmické zpětné vazbě (Akronym: EHU)
Investor: Grantová agentura ČR, Exploring the Hot Universe and Understanding Comic Feedback
AUDARD, Marc; Hisamitsu AWAKI; Ralf BALLHAUSEN; Aya BAMBA; Ehud BEHAR; Rozenn BOISSAY-MALAQUIN; Laura BRENNEMAN; Gregory V BROWN; Lia CORRALES; Elisa COSTANTINI; Renata CUMBEE; Chris DONE; Tadayasu DOTANI; Ken EBISAWA; Megan E ECKART; Dominique ECKERT; Teruaki ENOTO; Satoshi EGUCHI; Yuichiro EZOE; Adam FOSTER; Ryuichi FUJIMOTO; Yutaka FUJITA; Yasushi FUKAZAWA; Kotaro FUKUSHIMA; Akihiro FURUZAWA; Luigi GALLO; Javier A GARCIA; Liyi GU; Matteo GUAINAZZI; Kouichi HAGINO; Kenji HAMAGUCHI; Isamu HATSUKADE; Katsuhiro HAYASHI; Takayuki HAYASHI; Natalie HELL; Edmund HODGES-KLUCK; Ann HORNSCHEMEIER; Yuto ICHINOHE; Manabu ISHIDA; Kumi ISHIKAWA; Yoshitaka ISHISAKI; Jelle KAASTRA; Timothy KALLMAN; Erin KARA; Satoru KATSUDA; Yoshiaki KANEMARU; Richard KELLEY; Caroline KILBOURNE; Shunji KITAMOTO; Shogo KOBAYASHI; Takayoshi KOHMURA; Aya KUBOTA; Maurice LEUTENEGGER; Michael LOEWENSTEIN; Yoshitomo MAEDA; Maxim MARKEVITCH; Hironori MATSUMOTO; Kyoko MATSUSHITA; Dan MCCAMMON; Brian MCNAMARA; Francois MERNIER; Eric D MILLER; Jon M MILLER; Ikuyuki MITSUISHI; Misaki MIZUMOTO; Tsunefumi MIZUNO; Koji MORI; Koji MUKAI; Hiroshi MURAKAMI; Richard MUSHOTZKY; Hiroshi NAKAJIMA; Kazuhiro NAKAZAWA; Jan-Uwe NESS; Kumiko NOBUKAWA; Masayoshi NOBUKAWA; Hirofumi NODA; Hirokazu ODAKA; Shoji OGAWA; Anna OGORZALEK; Takashi OKAJIMA; Naomi OTA; Stephane PALTANI; Robert PETRE; Paul PLUCINSKY; Frederick Scott PORTER; Katja POTTSCHMIDT; Kosuke SATO; Toshiki SATO; Makoto SAWADA; Hiromi SETA; Megumi SHIDATSU; Aurora SIMIONESCU; Randall SMITH; Hiromasa SUZUKI; Andrew SZYMKOWIAK; Hiromitsu TAKAHASHI; Mai TAKEO; Toru TAMAGAWA; Keisuke TAMURA; Takaaki TANAKA; Atsushi TANIMOTO; Makoto TASHIRO; Yukikatsu TERADA; Yuichi TERASHIMA; Maria Diaz TRIGO; Yohko TSUBOI; Masahiro TSUJIMOTO; Hiroshi TSUNEMI; Takeshi G TSURU; Hiroyuki UCHIDA; Nagomi UCHIDA; Yuusuke UCHIDA; Hideki UCHIYAMA; Yoshihiro UEDA; Shinichiro UNO; Jacco VINK; Shin WATANABE; Brian J WILLIAMS; Satoshi YAMADA; Shinya YAMADA; Hiroya YAMAGUCHI; Kazutaka YAMAOKA; Noriko Y YAMASAKI; Makoto YAMAUCHI; Shigeo YAMAUCHI; Tahir YAQOOB; Tomokage YONEYAMA; Tessei YOSHIDA; Mihoko YUKITA; Irina ZHURAVLEVA; Marie KONDO; Norbert WERNER; Tomáš PLŠEK; Ming SUN; Kokoro HOSOGI a Anwesh MAJUMDER. The bulk motion of gas in the core of the Centaurus galaxy cluster. Nature. Nature Research, 2025, roč. 638, č. 8050, s. 365-378. ISSN 0028-0836. Dostupné z: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08561-z.
@article{2514297, author = {Audard, Marc and Awaki, Hisamitsu and Ballhausen, Ralf and Bamba, Aya and Behar, Ehud and BoissayandMalaquin, Rozenn and Brenneman, Laura and Brown, Gregory V and Corrales, Lia and Costantini, Elisa and Cumbee, Renata and Done, Chris and Dotani, Tadayasu and Ebisawa, Ken and Eckart, Megan E and Eckert, Dominique and Enoto, Teruaki and Eguchi, Satoshi and Ezoe, Yuichiro and Foster, Adam and Fujimoto, Ryuichi and Fujita, Yutaka and Fukazawa, Yasushi and Fukushima, Kotaro and Furuzawa, Akihiro and Gallo, Luigi and Garcia, Javier A and Gu, Liyi and Guainazzi, Matteo and Hagino, Kouichi and Hamaguchi, Kenji and Hatsukade, Isamu and Hayashi, Katsuhiro and Hayashi, Takayuki and Hell, Natalie and HodgesandKluck, Edmund and Hornschemeier, Ann and Ichinohe, Yuto and Ishida, Manabu and Ishikawa, Kumi and Ishisaki, Yoshitaka and Kaastra, Jelle and Kallman, Timothy and Kara, Erin and Katsuda, Satoru and Kanemaru, Yoshiaki and Kelley, Richard and Kilbourne, Caroline and Kitamoto, Shunji and Kobayashi, Shogo and Kohmura, Takayoshi and Kubota, Aya and Leutenegger, Maurice and Loewenstein, Michael and Maeda, Yoshitomo and Markevitch, Maxim and Matsumoto, Hironori and Matsushita, Kyoko and McCammon, Dan and McNamara, Brian and Mernier, Francois and Miller, Eric D and Miller, Jon M and Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki and Mizumoto, Misaki and Mizuno, Tsunefumi and Mori, Koji and Mukai, Koji and Murakami, Hiroshi and Mushotzky, Richard and Nakajima, Hiroshi and Nakazawa, Kazuhiro and Ness, JanandUwe and Nobukawa, Kumiko and Nobukawa, Masayoshi and Noda, Hirofumi and Odaka, Hirokazu and Ogawa, Shoji and Ogorzalek, Anna and Okajima, Takashi and Ota, Naomi and Paltani, Stephane and Petre, Robert and Plucinsky, Paul and Porter, Frederick Scott and Pottschmidt, Katja and Sato, Kosuke and Sato, Toshiki and Sawada, Makoto and Seta, Hiromi and Shidatsu, Megumi and Simionescu, Aurora and Smith, Randall and Suzuki, Hiromasa and Szymkowiak, Andrew and Takahashi, Hiromitsu and Takeo, Mai and Tamagawa, Toru and Tamura, Keisuke and Tanaka, Takaaki and Tanimoto, Atsushi and Tashiro, Makoto and Terada, Yukikatsu and Terashima, Yuichi and Trigo, Maria Diaz and Tsuboi, Yohko and Tsujimoto, Masahiro and Tsunemi, Hiroshi and Tsuru, Takeshi G and Uchida, Hiroyuki and Uchida, Nagomi and Uchida, Yuusuke and Uchiyama, Hideki and Ueda, Yoshihiro and Uno, Shinichiro and Vink, Jacco and Watanabe, Shin and Williams, Brian J and Yamada, Satoshi and Yamada, Shinya and Yamaguchi, Hiroya and Yamaoka, Kazutaka and Yamasaki, Noriko Y and Yamauchi, Makoto and Yamauchi, Shigeo and Yaqoob, Tahir and Yoneyama, Tomokage and Yoshida, Tessei and Yukita, Mihoko and Zhuravleva, Irina and Kondo, Marie and Werner, Norbert and Plšek, Tomáš and Sun, Ming and Hosogi, Kokoro and Majumder, Anwesh}, article_number = {8050}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08561-z}, keywords = {Galaxies and clusters; High-energy astrophysics}, language = {eng}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, title = {The bulk motion of gas in the core of the Centaurus galaxy cluster}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08561-z}, volume = {638}, year = {2025} }
TY - JOUR ID - 2514297 AU - Audard, Marc - Awaki, Hisamitsu - Ballhausen, Ralf - Bamba, Aya - Behar, Ehud - Boissay-Malaquin, Rozenn - Brenneman, Laura - Brown, Gregory V - Corrales, Lia - Costantini, Elisa - Cumbee, Renata - Done, Chris - Dotani, Tadayasu - Ebisawa, Ken - Eckart, Megan E - Eckert, Dominique - Enoto, Teruaki - Eguchi, Satoshi - Ezoe, Yuichiro - Foster, Adam - Fujimoto, Ryuichi - Fujita, Yutaka - Fukazawa, Yasushi - Fukushima, Kotaro - Furuzawa, Akihiro - Gallo, Luigi - Garcia, Javier A - Gu, Liyi - Guainazzi, Matteo - Hagino, Kouichi - Hamaguchi, Kenji - Hatsukade, Isamu - Hayashi, Katsuhiro - Hayashi, Takayuki - Hell, Natalie - Hodges-Kluck, Edmund - Hornschemeier, Ann - Ichinohe, Yuto - Ishida, Manabu - Ishikawa, Kumi - Ishisaki, Yoshitaka - Kaastra, Jelle - Kallman, Timothy - Kara, Erin - Katsuda, Satoru - Kanemaru, Yoshiaki - Kelley, Richard - Kilbourne, Caroline - Kitamoto, Shunji - Kobayashi, Shogo - Kohmura, Takayoshi - Kubota, Aya - Leutenegger, Maurice - Loewenstein, Michael - Maeda, Yoshitomo - Markevitch, Maxim - Matsumoto, Hironori - Matsushita, Kyoko - McCammon, Dan - McNamara, Brian - Mernier, Francois - Miller, Eric D - Miller, Jon M - Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki - Mizumoto, Misaki - Mizuno, Tsunefumi - Mori, Koji - Mukai, Koji - Murakami, Hiroshi - Mushotzky, Richard - Nakajima, Hiroshi - Nakazawa, Kazuhiro - Ness, Jan-Uwe - Nobukawa, Kumiko - Nobukawa, Masayoshi - Noda, Hirofumi - Odaka, Hirokazu - Ogawa, Shoji - Ogorzalek, Anna - Okajima, Takashi - Ota, Naomi - Paltani, Stephane - Petre, Robert - Plucinsky, Paul - Porter, Frederick Scott - Pottschmidt, Katja - Sato, Kosuke - Sato, Toshiki - Sawada, Makoto - Seta, Hiromi - Shidatsu, Megumi - Simionescu, Aurora - Smith, Randall - Suzuki, Hiromasa - Szymkowiak, Andrew - Takahashi, Hiromitsu - Takeo, Mai - Tamagawa, Toru - Tamura, Keisuke - Tanaka, Takaaki - Tanimoto, Atsushi - Tashiro, Makoto - Terada, Yukikatsu - Terashima, Yuichi - Trigo, Maria Diaz - Tsuboi, Yohko - Tsujimoto, Masahiro - Tsunemi, Hiroshi - Tsuru, Takeshi G - Uchida, Hiroyuki - Uchida, Nagomi - Uchida, Yuusuke - Uchiyama, Hideki - Ueda, Yoshihiro - Uno, Shinichiro - Vink, Jacco - Watanabe, Shin - Williams, Brian J - Yamada, Satoshi - Yamada, Shinya - Yamaguchi, Hiroya - Yamaoka, Kazutaka - Yamasaki, Noriko Y - Yamauchi, Makoto - Yamauchi, Shigeo - Yaqoob, Tahir - Yoneyama, Tomokage - Yoshida, Tessei - Yukita, Mihoko - Zhuravleva, Irina - Kondo, Marie - Werner, Norbert - Plšek, Tomáš - Sun, Ming - Hosogi, Kokoro - Majumder, Anwesh PY - 2025 TI - The bulk motion of gas in the core of the Centaurus galaxy cluster JF - Nature VL - 638 IS - 8050 SP - 365-378 EP - 365-378 PB - Nature Research SN - 00280836 KW - Galaxies and clusters KW - High-energy astrophysics UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08561-z N2 - Galaxy clusters contain vast amounts of hot ionized gas known as the intracluster medium (ICM). In relaxed cluster cores, the radiative cooling time of the ICM is shorter than the age of the cluster. However, the absence of line emission associated with cooling suggests heating mechanisms that offset the cooling, with feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) being the most likely source(1,2). Turbulence and bulk motions, such as the oscillating ('sloshing') motion of the core gas in the cluster potential well, have also been proposed as mechanisms for heat distribution from the outside of the core(3,4). Here we present X-ray spectroscopic observations of the Centaurus galaxy cluster with the X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission satellite. We find that the hot gas flows along the line of sight relative to the central galaxy, with velocities from 130kms(-1) to 310kms(-1) within about 30kpc of the centre. This indicates bulk flow consistent with core gas sloshing. Although the bulk flow may prevent excessive accumulation of cooled gas at the centre, it could distribute the heat injected by the AGN and bring in thermal energy from the surrounding ICM. The velocity dispersion of the gas is found to be only less than or similar to 120kms(-1) in the core, even within about 10kpc of the AGN. This suggests that the influence of the AGN on the surrounding ICM motion is limited in the cluster. ER -
AUDARD, Marc; Hisamitsu AWAKI; Ralf BALLHAUSEN; Aya BAMBA; Ehud BEHAR; Rozenn BOISSAY-MALAQUIN; Laura BRENNEMAN; Gregory V BROWN; Lia CORRALES; Elisa COSTANTINI; Renata CUMBEE; Chris DONE; Tadayasu DOTANI; Ken EBISAWA; Megan E ECKART; Dominique ECKERT; Teruaki ENOTO; Satoshi EGUCHI; Yuichiro EZOE; Adam FOSTER; Ryuichi FUJIMOTO; Yutaka FUJITA; Yasushi FUKAZAWA; Kotaro FUKUSHIMA; Akihiro FURUZAWA; Luigi GALLO; Javier A GARCIA; Liyi GU; Matteo GUAINAZZI; Kouichi HAGINO; Kenji HAMAGUCHI; Isamu HATSUKADE; Katsuhiro HAYASHI; Takayuki HAYASHI; Natalie HELL; Edmund HODGES-KLUCK; Ann HORNSCHEMEIER; Yuto ICHINOHE; Manabu ISHIDA; Kumi ISHIKAWA; Yoshitaka ISHISAKI; Jelle KAASTRA; Timothy KALLMAN; Erin KARA; Satoru KATSUDA; Yoshiaki KANEMARU; Richard KELLEY; Caroline KILBOURNE; Shunji KITAMOTO; Shogo KOBAYASHI; Takayoshi KOHMURA; Aya KUBOTA; Maurice LEUTENEGGER; Michael LOEWENSTEIN; Yoshitomo MAEDA; Maxim MARKEVITCH; Hironori MATSUMOTO; Kyoko MATSUSHITA; Dan MCCAMMON; Brian MCNAMARA; Francois MERNIER; Eric D MILLER; Jon M MILLER; Ikuyuki MITSUISHI; Misaki MIZUMOTO; Tsunefumi MIZUNO; Koji MORI; Koji MUKAI; Hiroshi MURAKAMI; Richard MUSHOTZKY; Hiroshi NAKAJIMA; Kazuhiro NAKAZAWA; Jan-Uwe NESS; Kumiko NOBUKAWA; Masayoshi NOBUKAWA; Hirofumi NODA; Hirokazu ODAKA; Shoji OGAWA; Anna OGORZALEK; Takashi OKAJIMA; Naomi OTA; Stephane PALTANI; Robert PETRE; Paul PLUCINSKY; Frederick Scott PORTER; Katja POTTSCHMIDT; Kosuke SATO; Toshiki SATO; Makoto SAWADA; Hiromi SETA; Megumi SHIDATSU; Aurora SIMIONESCU; Randall SMITH; Hiromasa SUZUKI; Andrew SZYMKOWIAK; Hiromitsu TAKAHASHI; Mai TAKEO; Toru TAMAGAWA; Keisuke TAMURA; Takaaki TANAKA; Atsushi TANIMOTO; Makoto TASHIRO; Yukikatsu TERADA; Yuichi TERASHIMA; Maria Diaz TRIGO; Yohko TSUBOI; Masahiro TSUJIMOTO; Hiroshi TSUNEMI; Takeshi G TSURU; Hiroyuki UCHIDA; Nagomi UCHIDA; Yuusuke UCHIDA; Hideki UCHIYAMA; Yoshihiro UEDA; Shinichiro UNO; Jacco VINK; Shin WATANABE; Brian J WILLIAMS; Satoshi YAMADA; Shinya YAMADA; Hiroya YAMAGUCHI; Kazutaka YAMAOKA; Noriko Y YAMASAKI; Makoto YAMAUCHI; Shigeo YAMAUCHI; Tahir YAQOOB; Tomokage YONEYAMA; Tessei YOSHIDA; Mihoko YUKITA; Irina ZHURAVLEVA; Marie KONDO; Norbert WERNER; Tomáš PLŠEK; Ming SUN; Kokoro HOSOGI a Anwesh MAJUMDER. The bulk motion of gas in the core of the Centaurus galaxy cluster. \textit{Nature}. Nature Research, 2025, roč.~638, č.~8050, s.~365-378. ISSN~0028-0836. Dostupné z: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08561-z.