When time matters: Circadian rhythm outweighs menstrual cycle
in strength, but not in motivation

J 2026

When time matters: Circadian rhythm outweighs menstrual cycle in strength, but not in motivation

BENÍČKOVÁ, Michaela; Johanna K. IHALAINEN; Ritva MIKKONEN; Adam WAGNER; Michal BOZDĚCH et al.

Základní údaje

Originální název

When time matters: Circadian rhythm outweighs menstrual cycle in strength, but not in motivation

Autoři

BENÍČKOVÁ, Michaela ; Johanna K. IHALAINEN; Ritva MIKKONEN; Adam WAGNER ; Michal BOZDĚCH a Marta GIMUNOVÁ

Vydání

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE IN SPORT, London, ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2026, 1440-2440

Další údaje

Jazyk

angličtina

Typ výsledku

Článek v odborném periodiku

Obor

30306 Sport and fitness sciences

Stát vydavatele

Austrálie

Utajení

není předmětem státního či obchodního tajemství

Odkazy

URL

Impakt faktor

Impact factor: 3.400 v roce 2024

Označené pro přenos do RIV

Ano

Organizační jednotka

Fakulta sportovních studií

Klíčová slova anglicky

Menstrual cycle; Diurnal variation; Daytime; Chronotype; Muscle strength; Women

Změněno: 30. 3. 2026 09:36, Mgr. Pavlína Roučová, DiS.

Anotace

V originále

Objectives: We investigated the independent and combined effects of time of day (ToD) and menstrual cycle (MC) on strength performance and motivation. An additional aim was to examine whether chronotype moderated these relationships. Design: Observational, within-subject, repeated-measures study. Methods: Twenty-seven naturally menstruating, physically active females completed six testing sessions at two ToDs (morning: 07:30-09:00 h; afternoon: 16:30-18:30 h) and across three MC phases (early follicular, ovulation, mid-luteal). Strength was assessed using handgrip dynamometry, countermovement jump (CMJ), and isokinetic knee flexor and extensor dynamometry. Motivation was measured using a 7-point Likert scale. Results: Strength was significantly higher in the afternoon: handgrip (+0.7 kg, p = 0.026), CMJ height (+0.016 m, p < 0.001), CMJ power (+2.5 W/kg, p < 0.001), dominant knee extensor (+5.86 Nm, p = 0.007), and non-dominant knee extensor (+4.17 Nm, p = 0.020). Motivation peaked during estimated ovulation, being significantly higher than in the early follicular (+0.89 points, p = 0.006) and mid-luteal (+0.65 points, p = 0.036) phases. A significant interaction between ToD and MC was observed only for non-dominant knee extensor strength, with higher values in the afternoon compared to the morning during both estimated ovulation (+7.12 Nm, p = 0.038) and the mid-luteal phase (+5.69 Nm, p = 0.012). Including chronotype revealed that motivation varied significantly across chronotypes (p = 0.032). Conclusions: Strength was more consistently influenced by ToD, whereas MC was primarily associated with motivation. These findings highlight the importance of considering circadian rhythm in training and testing for females. (c) 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Sports Medicine Australia. This is an open access article under the CC BY license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Návaznosti

MUNI/A/1455/2022, interní kód MU

Název: Zdravotní, nutriční a výkonově-specifické determinanty u sportujících žen

Investor: Masarykova univerzita, Zdravotní, nutriční a výkonově-specifické determinanty u sportujících žen

MUNI/A/1475/2024, interní kód MU

Název: Doktorský výzkum v kinantropologii III

Investor: Masarykova univerzita, Doktorský výzkum v kinantropologii III

Citovat

BENÍČKOVÁ, Michaela; Johanna K. IHALAINEN; Ritva MIKKONEN; Adam WAGNER; Michal BOZDĚCH a Marta GIMUNOVÁ. When time matters: Circadian rhythm outweighs menstrual cycle in strength, but not in motivation. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE IN SPORT. London: ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2026, roč. 29, č. 3, s. 308-315. ISSN 1440-2440. Dostupné z: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.014.

@article{2561942,
   author = {Beníčková, Michaela and Ihalainen, Johanna K. and Mikkonen, Ritva and Wagner, Adam and Bozděch, Michal and Gimunová, Marta},
   article_location = {London},
   article_number = {3},
   doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.014},
   keywords = {Menstrual cycle; Diurnal variation; Daytime; Chronotype; Muscle strength; Women},
   language = {eng},
   issn = {1440-2440},
   journal = {JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE IN SPORT},
   title = {When time matters: Circadian rhythm outweighs menstrual cycle in strength, but not in motivation},
   url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1440244025004451},
   volume = {29},
   year = {2026}
}

TY  - JOUR
ID  - 2561942
AU  - Beníčková, Michaela - Ihalainen, Johanna K. - Mikkonen, Ritva - Wagner, Adam - Bozděch, Michal - Gimunová, Marta
PY  - 2026
TI  - When time matters: Circadian rhythm outweighs menstrual cycle in strength, but not in motivation
JF  - JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE IN SPORT
VL  - 29
IS  - 3
SP  - 308-315
EP  - 308-315
PB  - ELSEVIER SCI LTD
SN  - 14402440
KW  - Menstrual cycle
KW  - Diurnal variation
KW  - Daytime
KW  - Chronotype
KW  - Muscle strength
KW  - Women
UR  - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1440244025004451
N2  - Objectives: We investigated the independent and combined effects of time of day (ToD) and menstrual cycle (MC) on strength performance and motivation. An additional aim was to examine whether chronotype moderated these relationships. Design: Observational, within-subject, repeated-measures study. Methods: Twenty-seven naturally menstruating, physically active females completed six testing sessions at two ToDs (morning: 07:30-09:00 h; afternoon: 16:30-18:30 h) and across three MC phases (early follicular, ovulation, mid-luteal). Strength was assessed using handgrip dynamometry, countermovement jump (CMJ), and isokinetic knee flexor and extensor dynamometry. Motivation was measured using a 7-point Likert scale. Results: Strength was significantly higher in the afternoon: handgrip (+0.7 kg, p = 0.026), CMJ height (+0.016 m, p < 0.001), CMJ power (+2.5 W/kg, p < 0.001), dominant knee extensor (+5.86 Nm, p = 0.007), and non-dominant knee extensor (+4.17 Nm, p = 0.020). Motivation peaked during estimated ovulation, being significantly higher than in the early follicular (+0.89 points, p = 0.006) and mid-luteal (+0.65 points, p = 0.036) phases. A significant interaction between ToD and MC was observed only for non-dominant knee extensor strength, with higher values in the afternoon compared to the morning during both estimated ovulation (+7.12 Nm, p = 0.038) and the mid-luteal phase (+5.69 Nm, p = 0.012). Including chronotype revealed that motivation varied significantly across chronotypes (p = 0.032). Conclusions: Strength was more consistently influenced by ToD, whereas MC was primarily associated with motivation. These findings highlight the importance of considering circadian rhythm in training and testing for females. (c) 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Sports Medicine Australia. This is an open access article under the CC BY license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
ER  -

BENÍČKOVÁ, Michaela; Johanna K. IHALAINEN; Ritva MIKKONEN; Adam WAGNER; Michal BOZDĚCH a Marta GIMUNOVÁ. When time matters: Circadian rhythm outweighs menstrual cycle in strength, but not in motivation. \textit{JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE IN SPORT}. London: ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2026, roč.~29, č.~3, s.~308-315. ISSN~1440-2440. Dostupné z: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.014.

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