Conventional wastewater treatment plants are currently incapable of completely purifying wastewater from pharmaceutical residues. These are consequently spread into the aquatic bodies and pose health and environmental risks for animals, plants and society. To tackle this issue, the urgent need for research on new technologies feasible for wastewater treatment is of high importance. With an emphasis on sustainable and low-cost technologies, this thesis explores novel approaches for the removal or degradation of pharmaceuticals from wastewater. The applied materials include graphitic carbon nitride (gCN), MXene, and biocharcoal (biochar). The gCN nanomaterials are promising candidatesfor sorption and photocatalytic applications due to their unique morphological, mechanical, and optoelectronic properties. However, in the case of photocatalytic processes, poor charge transport and high electron-hole recombination rate limit the efficiency of this nanomaterial in wastewater purification. The effects of nanomodification by low-temperature plasma on the material properties and photocatalytic performance are the subject of this work. In addition, the effects on wastewater treatment by a combination of low-temperature plasma discharge and gCN are elucidated. The analysis of Ti3C2Tx MXene decorated with spinel oxides Co3O4, Fe3O4, and CoFe2O4 applied for the test of degradation of caffeine, which is among the most common pollutants in wastewater, is further explored. The last topic covers the study and applications of biocharforthe sorption of pharmaceuticals from wastewater. A portfolio of methods is applied in this work including SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, XPS, and others. The plasma is generated by Diffuse Coplanar Surface Barrier Discharge (DCSBD) or Multihollow Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (MSDBD).