Seznam literatury

• Zoukos Y. Disease-modifying treatments: mode of action. J Neurol 2004; 251: V/19-V/24.
• Hartung HP, Bar-Or A, Zoukos Y. What do we know about the mechanism of action of disease-modifying treatments in MS? J Neurol 2004; 251: 12–19.
• Orton SM, Herrera BM, Yee IM, Valdar W, Ramagopalan SV, Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC; Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a longitudinal study. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5: 932–36.
• Havrdová E. Roztroušená skleróza. Triton, 2002.
• Vukusic S, Van Bockstael V, Gosselin S, Confavreux C. Regional variations in the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in French farmers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78: 707–9.
• Cabre P, Signate A, Olindo S, Merle H, Caparros-Lefebvre D, Béra O, Smadja D. Role of return migration in the emergence of multiple sclerosis in the French West Indies. Brain 2005; 128: 2899–910.
• Ebers, G. Genetic factors in multiple sclerosis. MS Forum 1995; Modern Management Workshop, Boston.
• Ebers, G. Multiple sclerosis: Epidemiology, Genetics and Environmental factors. MS Forum 2007; Modern Management Workshop, Wiesbaden.
• Sadovnick AD. Genetic background of multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11: 163–66.
• Ebers, G. Environmental factors in multiple sclerosis. MS Forum 1998; Modern Management Workshop, Montréal.
• Ascherio A, Munch M. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. Epidemiol 2000; 11: 220–24.
• Lang HL, Jacobsen H, Ikemizu S, Andersson C, Harlos K, Madsen L, Hjorth, Sondergaard L, Svejgaard A, Wucherpfennig K, Stuart DI, Bell JI, Jones EY, Fugger L. A functional and structural basis for TCR cross-reactivity in multiple sclerosis. Nat Immunol 2002, 3: 940–43.
• Levin LI, Munger KL, Rubertone MV, Peck CA, Lennette ET, Spiegelman D, Ascherio A. Multiple sclerosis and Epstein-Barr virus. JAMA 2003; 289: 1533–36.
• Levin LI, Munger KL, Rubertone MV, Peck CA, Lennette ET, Spiegelman D, Ascherio A. Temporal relationship between elevation of epstein-barr virus antibody titers and initial onset of neurological symptoms in multiple sclerosis. JAMA 2005; 293: 2496–500.
• Levin LI, Munger KL, O'Reilly EJ, Falk KI, Ascherio A. Primary infection with the Epstein-Barr virus and risk of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2010; 67: 824–30.
• Sundström P, Juto P, Wadell G, Hallmans G, Svenningsson A, Nyström L, Dillner J, Forsgren L. An altered immune response to Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis: a prospective study. Neurology 2004; 62: 2277–82.
• Bray PF, Luka J, Bray PF, Culp KW, Schlight JP. Antibodies against Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) in multiple sclerosis CSF, and two pentapeptide sequence identities between EBNA and myelin basic protein. Neurology 1992; 42: 1798–804.
• Cepok S, Zhou D, Srivastava R, Nessler S, Stei S, Büssow K, Sommer N, Hemmer B. Identification of Epstein-Barr virus proteins as putative targets of the immune response in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 1352–60.
• Ascherio A, Munger KL, Lennette ET, Spiegelman D, Hernán MA, Olek MJ, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ. Epstein-Barr virus antibodies and risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study. JAMA 2001 26; 286: 3083–88.
• Thacker EL, Mirzaei F, Ascherio A. Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Ann Neurol 2006; 59: 499–503.
• Nielsen TR, Rostgaard K, Nielsen NM, Koch-Henriksen N, Haahr S, Sørensen PS, Hjalgrim H. Multiple sclerosis after infectious mononucleosis. Arch Neurol 2007; 64: 72–5.
• Nielsen TR, Pedersen M, Rostgaard K, Frisch M, Hjalgrim H. Correlations between Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels and risk factors for multiple sclerosis in healthy individuals. Mult Scler 2007; 13: 420–23. van Sechel AC, Bajramovic JJ, van Stipdonk MJ, Persoon-Deen C, Geutskens SB, van Noort JM. EBV-induced expression and HLA-DR-restricted presentation by human B cells of alpha B-crystallin, a candidate autoantigen in multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 1999 Jan 1;162(1):129–35.
• Pender MP. Infection of autoreactive B lymphocytes with EBV, causing chronic autoimmune diseases. Trends Immunol 2003; 24: 584–88.
• Alotaibi S, Kennedy J, Tellier R, Stephens D, Banwell B. Epstein-Barr virus in pediatric multiple sclerosis. JAMA 2004; 291: 1875–79.
• Banwell BL. Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2004; 4: 245–52. Review.
• Pohl D, Krone B, Rostasy K, Kahler E, Brunner E, Lehnert M, Wagner HJ, Gärtner J, Hanefeld F. High seroprevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in children with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2006; 67: 2063–65.
• Sanders VJ, Felisan S, Waddell A, Tourtellotte WW. Detection of herpesviridae in postmortem multiple sclerosis brain tissue and controls by polymerase chain reaction. J Neurovirol 1996; 2: 249–58.
• Soldan SS, Berti R, Salem N, Secchiero P, Flamand L, Calabresi PA, Brennan MB, Maloni HW, McFarland HF, Lin HC, Patnaik M, Jacobson S. Association of human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) with multiple sclerosis: increased IgM response to HHV-6 early antigen and detection of serum HHV-6 DNA. Nat Med 1997; 3 : 1394–97.
• Ablashi DV, Eastman HB, Owen CB, Roman MM, Friedman J, Zabriskie JB, Peterson DL, Pearson GR, Whitman JE. Frequent HHV-6 reactivation in multiple sclerosis (MS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients. J Clin Virol 2000; 16: 179–91.
• Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. Jama 2006; 296: 2832–8.
• Cantorna MT, Hayes CE, DeLuca HF. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reversibly blocks the progression of relapsing encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 7861–4.
• Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. The evolution of human skin coloration. J Hum Evol 2000; 39: 57–106.
• Presthus J. Report on the multiple sclerosis investigations in West-Norway. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1960; 35: 88–92.
• Kampman MT, Wilsgaard T, Mellgren SI. Outdoor activities and diet in childhood and adolescence relate to MS risk above the Arctic Circle. J Neurol. 2007; 254: 471–7.
• Holick MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79: 362–71.
• Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80(6 Suppl):1678S–88S.
• Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77: 204–10.
• Cree B. The genetics of MS susceptibility and disease course. The changing face of MS: understanging populations, treating individuals. 23–24 February 2008, Abstract book: 8
• Willer CJ, Dyment DA, Risch NJ, Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC; Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Twin concordance and sibling recurrence rates in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003; 100: 12877–82.
• Ristori G, Cannoni S, Stazi MA, Vanacore N, Cotichini R, Alfò M, Pugliatti M, Sotgiu S, Solaro C, Bomprezzi R, Di Giovanni S, Figà Talamanca L, Nisticò L, Fagnani C, Neale MC, Cascino I, Giorgi G, Battaglia MA, Buttinelli C, Tosi R, Salvetti M. Multiple sclerosis in twins from continental Italy and Sardinia: a nationwide study. Ann Neurol 2006; 59: 27–34.
• Lincoln MR, Montpetit A, Cader MZ, Saarela J, Dyment DA, Tiislar M, Ferretti V, Tienari PJ, Sadovnick AD, Peltonen L, Ebers GC, Hudson TJ. A predominant role for the HLA class II region in the association of the MHC region with multiple sclerosis. Nat Genet. 2005; 37:1108–12.
• Prat E, Tomaru U, Sabater L, Park DM, Granger R, Kruse N, Ohayon JM, Bettinotti MP, Martin R. HLA-DRB5*0101 and -DRB1*1501 expression in the multiple sclerosis-associated HLA-DR15 haplotype. J Neuroimmunol. 2005;167: 108–19.
• Schmidt H, Williamson D, Ashley-Koch A. HLA-DR15 haplotype and multiple sclerosis: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165: 1097–109.
• Jersild C, Svejgaard A, Fog T. HL-A antigens and multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1972; 1:1240–41.
• Masterman T, Ligers A, Olsson T, Andersson M, Olerup O, Hillert J. HLA-DR15 is associated with lower age at onset in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2000; 48: 211–19.
• International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium; Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2, Sawcer S, Hellenthal G, Pirinen M, Spencer CC, Patsopoulos NA, Moutsianas L, et al. Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis. Nature 2011; 476: 214–19.
• Marrosu MG, Murru MR, Costa G, Cucca F, Sotgiu S, Rosati G. Multiple sclerosis in Sardinia is associated and in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DR3 and -DR4 alleles. Am J Hum Genet. 1997; 61: 454–57
• International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Hafler DA, Compston A, Sawcer S, Lander ES, Daly MJ, De Jager PL, de Bakker PI, et al. Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 851–62.
• Sombekke MH, Lukas C, Crusius JB, Tejedor D, Killestein J, Arteta D, Martínez A, Uitdehaag BM, Knol DL, Peña AS, Geurts JJ, De Jager PL, Barkhof F, Vrenken H, Polman CH. HLA-DRB1*1501 and spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2009; 66: 1531–36.
• de Bakker PI, McVean G, Sabeti PC, Miretti MM, Green T, Marchini J, Ke X, Monsuur AJ, Whittaker P, Delgado M, Morrison J, Richardson A, Walsh EC, Gao X, Galver L, Hart J, Hafler DA, Pericak-Vance M, Todd JA, Daly MJ, Trowsdale J, Wijmenga C, Vyse TJ, Beck S, Murray SS, Carrington M, Gregory S, Deloukas P, Rioux JD. A high-resolution HLA and SNP haplotype map for disease association studies in the extended human MHC. Nat Genet 2006; 38: 1166–72.
• De Jager PL, Simon KC, Munger KL, Rioux JD, Hafler DA, Ascherio A. Integrating risk factors: HLA-DRB1*1501 and Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2008; 70: 1113–18.
• Niller HH, Wolf H, Ay E, Minarovits J. Epigenetic dysregulation of epstein-barr virus latency and development of autoimmune disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 2011; 711: 82–102.
• Gregory SG, Schmidt S, Seth P, Oksenberg JR, Hart J, Prokop A, Caillier SJ, Ban M, Goris A, Barcellos LF, Lincoln R, McCauley JL, Sawcer SJ, Compston DA, Dubois B, Hauser SL, Garcia-Blanco MA, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL; Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Group. Interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain (IL7R) shows allelic and functional association with multiple sclerosis. Nat Genet. 2007; 39: 1083–91.
• Sundström P, Nyström M, Ruuth K, Lundgren E. Antibodies to specific EBNA-1 domains and HLA DRB1*1501 interact as risk factors for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2009 30; 215: 102–7.
• Achiron A. Predicting the course of relapsing-remitting MS using longitudinal disability curves. J Neurol 2004; 251: 65–68.
• McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, Goodkin D, Hartung HP, Lublin FD et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from International Panel on the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Ann. Neurol 2001; 50: 121–27.
• Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983; 33: 1444–52.
• Fisher SJ. Administration and scoring measure (MSFC) Manual for the multiple sclerosis functional composit.
• Roxburgh RH, Seaman SR, Masterman T, Hensiek AE, Sawcer SJ, Vukusic S, Achiti I, Confavreux C, Coustans M, le Page E, Edan G, McDonnell GV, Hawkins S, Trojano M, Liguori M, Cocco E, Marrosu MG, Tesser F, Leone MA, Weber A, Zipp F, Miterski B, Epplen JT, Oturai A, SØrensen PS, Celius EG, Lara NT, Montalban X, Villoslada P, Silva AM, Marta M, Leite I, Dubois B, Rubio J, Butzkueven H, Kilpatrick T, Mycko MP, Selmaj KW, Rio ME, Sá M, Salemi G, Savettieri G, Hillert J, Compston DA. Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score: using disability and disease duration to rate disease severity. Neurology 2005; 64: 1144–51.
• Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, Clanet M, Cohen JA, Filippi M, Fujihara K, Havrdova E, Hutchinson M, Kappos L, Lublin FD, Montalban X, O'Connor P, Sandberg-Wollheim M, Thompson AJ, Waubant E, Weinshenker B, Wolinsky JS. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 2011; 69: 292–302.
• Martin R, Bielekova B, Gran B, McFarland HF. Lessons from studies of antigen-specific T cell responses in Multiple Sclerosis. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2000; 60: 361–73.
• Lee MA, Smith S, Palace J, Narayanan S, Silver N, Minicucci L et al. Spatial mapping of T2 and gadolinium-enhancing T1 lesion volumes in multiple sclerosis: evidence for distinct mechanisms of lesion genesis? Brain 1999; 122: 1261–70.
• Lucchinetti C, Brück W, Parisi J, Scheithauer B, Rodriguez M, Lassmann. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol. 2000; 47: 707–17.
• Bruck W. Inflammatory demyelination is not central to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2005; 252: 10–15.
• Bruck W. New insights into the pathology of multiple sclerosis: towards a unified concept? J Neurol 2007; 254: 3–9.
• Bar-Or A, Nuttall RK, Duddy M, Alter A, Kim HJ, Ifergan I et al. Analyses of all matrix metalloproteinase members in leukocytes emphasize monocytes as a major inflammatory mediators in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2003; 126: 2738–49.
• Salmaggi A, Gelati M, Dufour A, Corsini E, Pagano S, Baccalini R. Expression and modulation of IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines (IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC) in human brain endothelium and astrocytes: possible relevance for the immune invasion of the central nervous system and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2002; 22: 631–40.
• Cannella B, Raine CS. The adhesion molecule and cytokine profile of multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann Neurol. 1995; 37: 424–35.
• Matsuda M, Tsukada N, Koh CS, Iwahashi T, Shimada K, Yanagisawa N. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 in the spinal cord of rats during acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Autoimmunity 1994; 19: 15–22.
• Nicot A. Gender and sex hormones in multiple sclerosis pathology and therapy. Front. Biosci. 2009, 14: 4477–515.
• Matejuk A, Dwver J, Zamora A, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Evaluation of the effects of 17beta-estradiol (17beta-e2) on gene expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using DNA microarray. Endokrinology 2002, 143: 313–19.
• Offner H. Neuroimmunoprotective effects of estrogen and derivatives in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: therapeutic implications for multiple sclerosis. J. Neurosci. Res. 2004, 78: 603–24.
• Kantarci OH, Barcellos LF, Atkinson EJ, Ramsay PP, Lincoln R, Achenbach SJ, De Andrade M, Hauser SL, Weinshenker BG. Men transmit MS more often to their children vs women: the Carter effect. Neurology 2006; 67: 305–10.
• Whitacre CC, Reingold SC, O'Looney PA. A gender gap in autoimmunity. Science 1999; 283: 1277–8.
• Nicot A. Gender and sex hormones in multiple sclerosis pathology and therapy. Front. Biosci. 2009, 14: 4477–515.
• Fox HS, Bond BL, Parslow TG. Estrogen regulates the IFN-gamma promoter. J Immunol. 199115; 146: 4362–7.
• Cenci S, Toraldo G, Weitzmann MN, Roggia C, Gao Y, Qian WP, Sierra O, Pacifici R. Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss by increasing T cell proliferation and lifespan through IFN-gamma-induced class II transactivator. Proc Nati Acad Sei USA 2003; 100: 10405–10.
• van den Broek HH, Damoiseaux JG, De Baets MH, Hupperts, R.M. The influence of sex hormones on cytokines in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a review. Mult Scler 2005, 11: 349–59.
• Saad MF, Damani S, Gingerich RL, Riad-Gabriel MG, Khan A, Boyadjian R, Jinagouda SD, el-Tawil K, Rude RK, Kamdar V. Sexual dimorphism in plasma leptin concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82: 579–84.
• DeRosa V, Procaccini C, Cali G, Pirozzi G, Fontana S, Zappacosta S, La Cava A, Matarese G. A key role of leptin in the control of regulatory T cell proliferation. Immunity 2007, 26: 241–55.
• Sadovnick AD, Baird PA. Reproductive counseling for multiple sclertosis patients. Am J Med Genet 1985, 20: 349–54.
• McAlpine D, Compston N. Some aspects of the natural history of disseminated sclerosis. QJ Med. 1995, 61: 135–67.
• Confavreux C, Hutchinson M, Hours MM, Cortinovis-Tourniaire P, Moreau T. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group. N Engl J Med. 1998, 339: 285–91.
• Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Adeleine P. Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis (the PRIMS study): two-year results. Neurology 2006, 56: A 197.
• Vukusic S, Hutchinson M, Hours M, Moreau T, Cortinovis-Tourniaire P, Adeleine P, Confavreux C. The Pregnancy In Multiple Sclerosis Group: Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis (the PRIMS study): clinical predictors of post-partum relapse. Brain 2004; 127: 1353–60.
• Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Bakalov VK, Link AA, Dimitrov MA, Fisher S, Crane M, Kanik KS, Chrousos GP. IL-12, TNF-alpha, and hormonal changes during late pregnancy and early postpartum: implications for autoimmune disease activity during these times. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86, 4933–38.
• Cua DJ, Hinton DR, Stohlman SA. Selfantigen-induced Th2 responses in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)-resistant mice. Th2-mediated suppression of autoimmune disease. J Immunol 1995; 155, 4052–59.
• Noonan FP, Halliday WJ, Morton H, Clunie GJ. Early pregnancy factor is immunosuppressive. Nature 1979; 278: 649–51.
• Dschietzig T, Bartsch C, Greinwald M, Baumann G, Stangl K. The pregnancy hormone relaxin binds to and activates the human glucocorticoid receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sei 2005; 1041: 256–71
• Yang L, Hu Y, Li X, Zhao J, Hou Y. Prolactin modulates the functions of murine spleen CDllc-positive dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6: 1478–86.
• Gregg C, Shikar V, Larsen P, Mak G, Chojnacki A, Yong VW, Weiss S. White matter plasticity and enhanced remyelination in the maternal CNS. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 1812–23.
• NMSS Expert Opinion Paper. Disease management consensus paper, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2002, http://www.nationalmssociety.org/pdf/forpros/Exp-Consensus.pdf
• Sandberg-Wollheim M for the Rebif Investigators. Outcome of Pregnancy during treatment with interferon-beta-1A (Rebif) in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2002, 58: A455
• Coyle PK, Johnson K, Pardo I, Stark Y. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with glatiramer acetate (Copaxone). Neurology 2003, 60 (Supp 1) l1: P01.11
• Flachenecker P, Hartung HP. Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy. Overview and status of European multicenter PRIMS study. Nervenartz 1995, 66: 97–104
• Stenuit J, Marchand P. Suquelae of spinal anesthesia. Acta Neurol Psychiatry Belg 1968, 68: 626–35
• Bamford C, Sibley W, Laguna J. Anesthesa in Multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 1978, 5: 41–4
• Bader AM, Hunt CO, Datta S, et al. Anesthesia for the obstetric patient with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Anesth 1988, 1: 21–4
• Achiron A, Rotstein Z, Noy S, Maschiasch S, Dulitzky M, Achiron R. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in the prevention of childbirth associated acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. J Neurol 1996, 243: 25–8
• Haas J. High dose IVIG in postpartum period for prevention of exacerbations in MS. Mult Scler 2000, 6 (Suppl 2): S 18–20, discussion 33
• Pisacane A, Impagliazzo N, Russo M, Valiani R, et al. Breast feeding and multiple sclerosis. Br Med J 1994, 308: 1411–12
• Kumar AR, Hale TW, Mock RE. Transfer of interferon a into human breast milk. J Hum Lact 2000, 16: 226–28