VSHE022 Histology and embryology

Faculty of Medicine
Spring 2001
Extent and Intensity
2/3/0. 12 credit(s). Type of Completion: RZk (examination).
Teacher(s)
prof. MUDr. RNDr. Svatopluk Čech, DrSc. (lecturer)
prof. MUDr. Drahomír Horký, DrSc. (lecturer)
prof. MUDr. RNDr. Svatopluk Čech, DrSc. (seminar tutor)
prof. MUDr. Drahomír Horký, DrSc. (seminar tutor)
MUDr. Lenka Krejčířová, Ph.D. (seminar tutor)
MUDr. Irena Lauschová, Ph.D. (seminar tutor)
MUDr. Ivo Nentwich, Ph.D. (seminar tutor)
doc. MUDr. Miroslava Sedláčková, CSc. (seminar tutor)
doc. MUDr. Jitka Šťastná, CSc. (seminar tutor)
Guaranteed by
prof. MUDr. Drahomír Horký, DrSc.
Department of Histology and Embryology – Theoretical Departments – Faculty of Medicine
Contact Person: prof. MUDr. Drahomír Horký, DrSc.
Course Enrolment Limitations
The course is also offered to the students of the fields other than those the course is directly associated with.
fields of study / plans the course is directly associated with
Syllabus
  • Cytology and general histology: The object and the significance of the histology. Brno histological and embryological school. Methods used in study of cells and tissues. Sampling, fixation and embedding of tissues for histological examination. Sample preparation for examination by electron microscopy.
  • Cell definition, its size, shape and viability. Composition and structure of the protoplasm. Cell surfaces and intercellular connections. Structure and function of the nucleus. Structure and function of cell organelles. Cell inclusions. Cytoskeleton. Cell growth, aging, and degeneration of cells. Mitosis. Meiosis.
  • Cell differentiation and morphogenesis of tissues. Definition of the tissue.The most important structural and functional characteristics of the tissues.
  • Definition of the epithelial tissue. Classification of epithelia. Covering epithelia (epi-thelial membrane) - classification and chief distribution. The glandular epithelium -types of glands. Absorptive, respiratory and sensory epithelia.
  • Structure, origin and types of the connective tissue. Ground substance and fibers. Connective tissue proper - types, chief distribution, and function. Cartilage and bone types, chief distribution, and function. Ossification. The joints.
  • Muscular tissue - characteristic and classification. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Submicroscopic structure of the muscle fiber, ultrastructure of the myofibrils, definition of sarkomere. Mechanism of the muscle contraction. Cardiac muscle tissue.
  • Nervous tissue - definition. Neurons - structure and classification. Sheathes of nerve fibers. Synapsis, its structure and function. Nerve endings. Neuroglial cells.
  • Composition of the human peripheral blood. Cytology of formed elements of blood (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes). Differential white cell count. Prenatal and postnatal haemopoiesis. Microscopical structure of the bone marrow and its classicication. Development of blood cells.
  • Microscopic anatomy: Structure, function and types of the capillaries. Structure of the arteries and veins. Structure of the heart. The lymphatic capillaries and vessels. Structure and function of the thymus. The lymph node. Tonsils and lymph nodes in the wall of the digestive tube - structure and function. Structure of the spleen. Blood circulation of the spleen. Mononuclear phagocytic system - composition, occurrence and function.
  • Mucosa of the respiratory tract (nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses). Microscopic structure of the larynx, epiglottis and trachea. Bronchi and lungs. The pulmonary lobuli and alveoli - structure and function. Blood circulation of lungs. Pleura.
  • General structure of the wall of hollow (tubular) organs. Mucosa of the oral cavity - structure of the lip and bucca. Structure of the tongue, structure of the hard and soft palatum. Structure of the tooth, periodontium and alveolar process. Gingiva and gingivodental attachment. Structure and function of the tonsils. Major and minor salivary glands, composition of saliva. Structure of the pharynx, oesophagus and stomach. Function of the gastric mucosa. Gastro-entero-pancreatic system (GEP cells). Small intestine and large intestine. Structure of the intestinal villus. Appendix vermiformis. Rectum and anus. Blood and nerve suply of the intestinal wall. Structure and function of the liver. The liver lobule and blood circulation in the liver. Intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts. The gallbladder. Structure and function of the pancreas.
  • Structure and function of the hypophysis. Diencephalo-hypophyseal system, the hypophyseal portal circulation. Structure of the pineal gland. Structure and function of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands. The adrenal gland. Paraganglia. The islets of Langerhans.
  • Structure of the kidney, its blood circulation. Nephron - definition, its parts and histotopography. Function of parts of the nephron. Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Intrarenal excretory ducts. Structure of the renal pelvis, the ureter and the urinary bladder. The male and female urethra.
  • Structure and function of the testis. Spermatogenesis and spermiation. Structure of the spermatozoon. Composition of ejaculate. Structure of the epididymis, ductus deferens and ductus ejaculatorius. The prostate gland and seminal vesicles. Structure of the penis and mechanism of erection.
  • Structure and function of the ovary. The follicular atresia. Ovarian cycle and its regulation. Corpus luteum - its development, structure, degeneration and function. Structure of the oviduct. Structure of the uterus and and its blood supply. The endometrium and menstrual cycle. Structure of the vagina and vaginal cytology. External genitalia. Placenta - structure and function. Structure of umbilical cord.
  • Structure of the skin - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous coat. Keratinisation of the epidermis. The accessory organs of the skin (glands, hair, nail). The mammary gland.
  • Structure of the cerebral cortex. Cyto- and myeloarchitecture. Structure of the cerebellum. Synapses of the cerebellum. Structure of the spinal cord. Ependyma, choroid plexus, meninges. Structure of ganglia and peripheral nerves. Autonomic nervous system.
  • Structural components of the retina, the layers of the retina and interrelationships of the neurons. The sclera and cornea. The choroid, ciliary body and iris. Refractile (dioptric) media of the eye (cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous body). The eyelid, lacrimal apparatus, conjunctiva, extrinsic occular muscles. Structure of external, middle and internal ear (maculae staticae, cristae ampulares, ductus cochlearis, organon spirale Corti). Structure of the organ of taste and the organ of smell.
  • General embryology: Gametogenesis. Oogenesis, structure of the oocyte during ovulation. The ovarian and menstrual cycles - correlation. Meiosis - the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Composition of ejaculate, normal count of spermatozoa (normospermy). Properties of the spermatozoa.
  • Fertilization and cleavage of the human ovum. The morula and blastocyst. Implantation of the conceptus. Abnormal implantation sites, tubal pregnancy. Changes in the blastocyst during implantation. Germ disc, development of axial formations. Notogenesis - development of notochord (= chorda dorsalis).
  • Somitomeres (somites) - their development and differentiation. Intra- and extraembryonic mesoderm. Origin of mesenchyma.
  • The germ disc and its differentiation. Development of external appearance of embryo. Development of limbs. Human fetal membranes - amniotic sac, yolk sac, chorion, and decidua. Development of the placenta and the umbilical cord. Blood circulation in the placenta. Anomalies of the placenta and the umbilical cord. Placenta praevia, accreta, and increta.
  • Growth of embryo in the uterus. Monthly position of the uterus during pregnancy. Presentation, position and posture of fetus. Marks of mature and full-term fetus, the rule of Hasse. Delivery of a fetus.
  • Multiplied number of embryos: mono- and dizygotic twins and triplets; frequency. Arrangement of fetal membranes in multiplets.
  • Congenital malformations - critical periods of origin, main teratogens.
  • Special embryology: Development of the spine, the ribs and the sternum. Chorda dorsalis. Development of the skull. Development of the muscle tissue. Development of the limbs.
  • Development of the face and cervical region of embryo including clefts (cheilo-, gnato-, palatoschisis). Development of nasal and oral cavities and palatum. Development of tooth, time-sequence of teething (teeth eruption) of the deciduous (milk) and permanent teeth. Development of the tongue and the thyroid gland. The pharyngeal apparatus of embryo, pharyngeal clefts and pouches. Cervical cysts and fistulae.
  • Development of the oesophagus, stomach and intestine, development of the rectum. Development of the liver, pancreas and spleen.
  • Development of the respiratory passages and the lungs. Histogenesis of the lungs.
  • Pronephros and mesonephros, relations of the mesonephros with development of efferent reproductive passages. Metanephros. Cloaca - development of the urinary bladder and urogenital sinus. Overview of abnormities of the urinary system.
  • Indifferent period in development of the reproductive system. Development of the testis and the ovary. Development of efferent passages of the reproductive system. Development of external genitals. Congenital abnormities of the reproductive organs.
  • Primitive blood circulation in the human embryo. Development of the heart and its division into definitive passages. The aortic branches (the branchial arteries) and their derivatives. Overview of development of the inferior vena cava. Fetal blood circulation. Congenital malformations of the heart and vessels.
  • Development of the eye (the wall of eyeball, lens, vitreous body, anterior and posterior chambers of eye). Development of the external, middle and internal ear.
  • Development of the endocrine glands.
  • Development of the skin and skin adnexal organs.
  • Development of coelom. Development of diaphragm.
  • Early development of nervous system - neural tube and its differentiation. Neural crest (crista neuralis) and its differentiation. Development of the spinal cord and the brain - overview of differentiation of secondary brain vesicles and ventricular system. Overview of developmental malformations of the spinal cord and the brain.
Literature
  • HORKÝ, Drahomír, Svatopluk ČECH and Pavel TRÁVNÍK. Obecná histologie (General histology). První. Brno: Vydavatelství MU Brno-Kraví hora, 1995, 147 pp. ISBN 80-210-1254-4. info
  • HORKÝ, Drahomír and Svatopluk ČECH. Mikroskopická anatomie (Microscopical anatomy). První. Brno: Vydavatelství MU, 1999, 353 pp. ISBN 80-210-2208-6. info
  • JUNQUEIRA, Luiz Carlos Uchôa, José CARNEIRO and Robert O. KELLEY. Základy histologie. 1. vyd. v ČR. Jinočany: H & H, 1997, vi, 502 s. ISBN 80-85787-37-7. info
  • ČECH, Svatopluk and Pavel TRÁVNÍK. Základy embryologie člověka (Basic Human Embryology). První-dotisk. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 1997, 114 pp. ISBN 80-210-0562-9. info
  • Embryologie pro pediatry :učebnice pro lékařské fakulty. Edited by Zdeněk Vacek. 2. dopl. vyd. Praha: Univerzita Karlova, 1992, 313 s., ba. ISBN 80-7066-562-9. info
Assessment methods (in Czech)
Výuka je zakončena rigorosní zkouškou, která se skládá z části praktické (identifikace 10 histologických preparátů) a teoretické (student zodpoví 4 vylosované otázky).
Language of instruction
Czech
Further comments (probably available only in Czech)
The course is taught annually.
The course is taught: every week.
The course is also listed under the following terms Spring 2000, Spring 2002, Spring 2003, Spring 2004, Spring 2005, Spring 2006.
  • Enrolment Statistics (Spring 2001, recent)
  • Permalink: https://is.muni.cz/course/med/spring2001/VSHE022